Lecture 7 to lecture 11.docx
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Lecture 7 to lecture 11.docx
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Lecture7tolecture11
LectureSeven:
NathanielHawthorne
1..IntroductionofNathanielHawthorne’slifeandworks
NathanielHawthorne(bornNathanielHathorne;July4,1804–May19,1864)wasanAmericannovelistandshortstorywriter.
NathanielHathornewasbornin1804inthecityofSalem,MassachusettstoNathanielHathorneandElizabethClarkeManningHathorne.Helaterchangedhisnameto"Hawthorne",addinga"w"todissociatefromrelativesincludingJohnHathorne,ajudgeduringtheSalemWitchTrials.HawthorneattendedBowdoinCollegeandgraduatedin1825;hisclassmatesincludedfuturepresidentFranklinPierceandfuturepoetHenryWadsworthLongfellow.Hawthorneanonymouslypublishedhisfirstwork,anoveltitledFanshawe,in1828.Hepublishedseveralshortstoriesinvariousperiodicalswhichhecollectedin1837asTwice-ToldTales.Thenextyear,hebecameengagedtoSophiaPeabody.HeworkedataCustomHouseandjoinedaTranscendentalistUtopiancommunitybeforemarryingPeabodyin1842.ThecouplemovedtoTheOldManseinConcord,Massachusetts,latermovingtoSalem,theBerkshires,thentoTheWaysideinConcord.TheScarletLetterwaspublishedin1850,followedbyasuccessionofothernovels.ApoliticalappointmenttookHawthorneandfamilytoEuropebeforetheirreturntoTheWaysidein1860.HawthornediedonMay19,1864,leavingbehindhiswifeandtheirthreechildren.
MuchofHawthorne'swritingcentersaroundNewEnglandandmanyfeaturemoralallegorieswithaPuritaninspiration.HisfictionworksareconsideredpartoftheRomanticmovementand,morespecifically,darkromanticism.Histhemesoftencenterontheinherentevilandsinofhumanityandhisworksoftenhavemoralmessagesanddeeppsychologicalcomplexity.Hispublishedworksincludenovels,shortstories,andabiographyofhisfriendFranklinPierce.
★Hawthorne’sPointofView
HawthorneisinfluencedbyPuritanismdeeply.HewasnotaPuritanhimself,buthehadPuritanancestorswhoplayedanimportantroleinhislifeandworks.
1.Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife.
2.Wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.
3.Evileducates
4.Hehasdisgustinscience.Onesourceofevilisoverweeningintellect.Hisintellectualcharactersarevillains,dreadfulandcold-blooded
§Hawthorne’sMajorWorks
1.Twocollectionsofshortstories:
Twice-toldTales+MossesfromanOldManse
2.TheScarletLetter
3.TheHouseoftheSevenGables
4.TheBlithedaleRomance
5.TheMarbleFaun
6.Shortstories:
TheBirthmark;YoungGoodmanBrown;TheMinister’sBlackVeil
★ThemesinHawthorne’sWritings
1.Alienation-acharacterisinastateofisolationbecauseofself-cause,orsocietalcause,oracombinationofboth.
2.Initiation-involvestheattemptsofanalienatedcharactertogetridofhisisolatedcondition.
3.ProblemofGuilt-acharacter'ssenseofguiltforcedbythepuritanicalheritageorbysociety;alsoguiltvs.innocence.
4.Pride-Hawthornetreatsprideasevil.Heillustratesthefollowingaspectsofpride:
physicalpride,spiritualprideandintellectualpride.
5.PuritanNewEngland-usedasabackgroundandsettinginmanytales.
6.Italianbackground-especiallyinTheMarbleFaun.
7.Allegory-Hawthorne'swritingisallegorical,didacticandmoralistic.
8.Otherthemesincludeindividualvs.society,self-fulfillmentvs.accommodationorfrustration,hypocrisyvs.integrity,lovevs.hate,exploitationvs.hurting,andfatevs.freewill.
★Hawthorne’sAestheticIdeas
1)hetookagreatinterestinhistoryandantiquity(古迹).
Tohimthesefurnishthesoilonwhichhismindgrowstofruition.
Tryingtoconnectabygone(past)timewiththeverypresent,hemakesthedreamstrangethingslookliketruth.
2)hewasconvincedthatromancewasthebestformtodescribeAmerica
Thepovertyofmaterials+theavoidanceofoffendingthepuritantaste——romancesratherthannovelstotellthetruthandsatirizeandyetnottheoffend.
★Romance
ItisaliterarygenrepopularintheMiddleAges(5thcentury-15thcentury),dealing,inverseorprose,withlegendary,supernatural,oramorous)subjectsandcharacters.ThenamereferstoRomancelanguagesandoriginallydenotedanylengthycompositioninoneofthoselanguages.Laterthetermwasappliedtotalesspecificallyconcernedwithknights,chivalry,andcourtlylove.Romanceswerewrittenbycourtmusicians,clerics,scribes,andaristocratesfortheentertainmentandmoraledificationofthenobility.Laterproseandversenarrative,particularlythosein19thcenturyromantictradition,arealsoreferredtoasromances;setindistantormythologicalplacesandtimes,andstressadventureandsupernaturalelements.
★Romance&AmericanRomanticism
TheAmericanRomanticistscreatedaformthat,atfirstglance,seemsancientandtraditional;theyborrowedfromclassicalromance,adaptedpastoralthemes,andincorporatedGothicelements
Americanromancers‘useofthefrontier,Indiansociety,Arcadian(pastoral)communities,Puritanvillages,andshipboardsocieties.
§ElementsofClassicalRomance
1.separatedloverswhoremaintruetoeachother,whilethewoman'schastityispreserved;
2.anintricateplot,includingstorieswithinstories;
3.excitingandunexpectedchanceevents;
4.traveltofarawaysettings;
5.hiddenandmistakenidentity;
6.writteninanelaborateandelegantstyle.
---GilbertHighet,inTheClassicalTradition:
GreekandRomanInfluencesonWesternLiterature
2..TextappreciationonTheScarletLetter
TheScarletLetteristhemagnumopusofNathanielHawthorne.Setin17th-centuryPuritanBoston,ittellsthestoryofHesterPrynne,whogivesbirthaftercommittingadulteryandstrugglestocreateanewlifeofrepentanceanddignity.Throughoutthenovel,Hawthorneexploresthemesoflegalism,sin,andguilt.
§ThemaincharactersinthisnovelareallPuritans:
1.APuritanwomannamedHesterPrynne
2.ApriestnamedArthurDimmesdale
3.Hester’shusband,Chillingworth
4.Hester’sdaughter,Pearl
§PlotoftheStory
AnagingEnglishscholarsendshisbeautifulyoungwife,HesterPrynnetomaketheirnewhomeinNewEngland.Whenhecomesovertwoyearslaterheisbewilderedtoseehiswifeinpillory,wearingascarletletterAonherbreast,holdingherillicitchildinherarms.Determinedtofindoutwhoherloveris,theoldschloardisguiseshimselfasaphysicianandchangeshisnametoRogerChillingworth.Graduallyhediscoversthatthevillainisnootherthanthemuch-admiredbrilliantyoungclergyman,ArthurDimmesdale.Tormentinghimselfruthlesslyforthissin,DimmesdalefindshisconsciencenolessruthlesslypreyeduponbyChillingworth.Hecutshimselfofffromcommunityandwithersspirituallyaswellasphysically.HesterPrynne’sresponsetothescarletletterAisapositiveone.Thoughlivingonthefringeofthecommunity,shedoesherbesttoreestablishherfellowshipwithherneighborsonanew,honestbasis.Shehelpsherfellowcreaturesasasisterofmercyofsortsorasaskilledembroideressinaninobtrusive(polite)andundemandingmanner,andfinallywinstheirloveandadmiration.AtonetimesheplanstoleaveAmericawithDimmesdale,butherefusesherhelp.Hediesintheendinherarmswhileconfessinghissinatapublicgathering.Chillingworthwithers.Pearl,Hester’schild,growsuptobemarriedintoanoblefamilyofEurope.
§MainConflicts:
1.AdulterousrelationshipbetweenHesterPrynneandthePuritanpreacher,ArthurDimmesdale.
2.HesterPrynneconfesseshersinandreadilyacceptsherpunishment,butliveswithinternalandexternalconflict.
3.Thepreacher,Dimmesdalestruggleswithhisowninternalconflict:
Waitssevenyearstoadmithissin;Confessespubliclyjustbeforehedies.
4.Hester’sunforgivinghusband,Chillingworth,continuallyseeksameansforvengeanceagainstDimmesdale.
★Symbols
i.Theletter“A”.
(1)“A”means“adultery”.Tothepuritansitisasymbolofjustpunishment;toHester,adeviceofunjusthumiliation;toDimmesdale,apiercingreminderofhisguilt;toChillingworth,aspurtothequestofrevenge;toPearl,abrightandmysteriouscuriosity.
(2)“A”variesitsmeaningasthedevelopmentofthestory,adultery---able---angel.
ii.Thescaffold
ThescaffoldisnotonlyasymbolofthesternPuritancodeforHesteracceptedthepunishment,butalsobecomesasymbolfortheopenacknowledgmentofpersonalsin.ItistheplacetowhichDimmesdaleknowshemustgoforatonement,theonlyplacewherehecanescapethegraspofChillingworthorofthedevil.
III.Pearl
“Pearl”hasmanysymbolicmeaning.First,itmeanstreasure---thetreasuretohermother.Second,pearlisthehomonymicofpurl(stream),Pearl’sfateandlifeislikethepurlintheforest,mysterious,canonlyflowintheforest,seldombathethesunshine
.Therosebushnexttotheprisondoor:
Durabilityofnature
Passionandwilderness
v.Theforest:
asymbolofdarkness,wilderness,anddevil.
★Majorthemes
*Sin
SinandknowledgearelinkedintheJudeo-Christiantradition.TheBiblebeginswiththestoryofAdamandEve,whowereexpelledfromtheGardenofEdenforeatingfromtheTreeofKnowledgeofGoodandEvil.Asaresultoftheirknowledge,AdamandEvearemadeawareoftheirdisobedience,thatwhichseparatesthemfromthedivineandfromothercreatures.OnceexpelledfromtheGardenofEden,theyareforcedtotoilandtoprocreate–two“labors”thatseemtodefinethehumancondition.TheexperienceofHesterandDimmesdalerecallsthestoryofAdamandEvebecause,inbothcases,sinresultsinexpulsionandsuffering.Butitalsoresultsinknowledge–specifically,inknowledgeofwh
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