英语科技论文写作讲义要点.docx
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英语科技论文写作讲义要点.docx
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英语科技论文写作讲义要点
“英语科技论文写作”讲义要点
LectureNoteson
EnglishWritingofScientificPapers
(AsReprintedfromPublishedSourcesinEnglish)
魏高原
byGaoyuanWei
2003-12-13
北京大学化学学院
内容简介
“英语科技论文的写作与发表”(简称“英语科技论文写作”)课面向中石化北京化工研究院的研究生与科研人员,共安排12周,每周2小时。
课堂教学采用“原理-实例”教学法,并有课外写作练习。
本课程旨在让学生掌握用英语写作科技论文的基本技巧,以及如何在英文期刊上发表所写论文的有效方法。
主要围绕以下20余个与论文有关的教学内容展开教学:
论文题目、作者署名、通讯地址、论文摘要、引言、实验材料和方法、论文结论、讨论、致谢、参考文献、数据列表、制图、文字处理、投稿、审稿意见处理、出版环节、订购论文抽印本、综述论文、会议论文、学位论文等。
教学进度安排(CourseOutline)
“英语科技论文写作”课(EnglishWritingofScientificPapers)
Nov.18,2003~Dec25,2003(主办:
中石化北京化工研究院)
LectureRoom&Room252,ExperimentalBuildingTuesdayandThursday,18:
00-20:
00
byProfessorGaoyuanWeiCollegeofChemistry&MolecularEngineering,PekingUniversity
Day01---Nov.18Lecture01IntroductiononScientificWriting
1.1AboutThisShortCourse1.2WhatIsaScientificPaper
Day02---Nov.20Lecture02ComponentsofaPaper
2.1HowtoPreparetheTitle2.2HowtoListtheAuthors
Day03---Nov.25
2.3HowtoListtheAddresses2.4HowtoPreparetheAbstract
2.5HowtoWritetheIntroduction2.6HowtoWritetheMaterialsandMethodsSection
Day04---Nov.27
2.7HowtoWritetheResults2.8HowtoWritetheDiscussion
2.9HowtoCiteAcknowledgments
Day05---Dec.02
2.10HowtoPreparetheLiteratureCited2.11HowtoDesignEffectiveTables
Day06---Dec.04
2.12HowtoPrepareEffectiveIllustrations2.13HowtoTypetheManuscript
Day07---Dec.09Lecture03PublicationofaPaper
3.1WhereandHowtoSubmittheManuscript
3.2HowtoDealwithEditors(TheReviewProcess)
Day08---Dec.11
3.3HowtoDealwithPrinters(ThePublishingProcess)
3.4HowtoOrderandUseReprints
Day09---Dec.16Lecture04WritingofOtherTypesofScientificLiterature
4.1HowtoWriteaReviewPaper4.2HowtoWriteaConferenceReport
4.3HowtoWriteaThesis
Day10---Dec.18Lecture05Ethics,Rights,andPermissions
5.1ImportanceofOriginality5.2CopyrightConsiderations
Lecture06WritingStyles
6.1UseandMisuseofEnglish
Day11---Dec.23
6.2AvoidingJargon6.3HowandWhentoUseAbbreviations
Day12---Dec.25Lecture07SummaryandDiscussiononScientificWriting
7.1APersonalizedSummary7.2DiscussionwiththeParticipants
Lecture01IntroductiononScientificWriting
1.1AboutThisShortCourse
1.1.1TheImportanceofPublication
TheManofScienceappearstobetheonly
manwhohassomethingtosayjustnow—andthe
onlymanwhodoesnotknowhowtosayit.
“科学之人”看似唯一欲言之人—却也为难以为之之人。
—SIRJAMESBARRIE
詹姆斯·巴里爵士
Weinscience,ofnecessity,mustcontributetotheglutofinformation.Butletus
·doitwithlove,especiallyloveoftheEnglishlanguage,whichisthecornerstoneoftheintellectualheritageofthewesternworld;
·alsodoitwithenergy,theenergyweneedtoputintothescientificpapersothatthereaderwillnotneedtousemuchenergytogettheinformationoutofthepaper;
·husbandourmaterials,especiallyourwords,sothatwedonotwasteinordinatequantitiesofpaperandink(orbits)intryingtotelltheworldmorethanweknow.
运转寰球的四大件:
关爱(LOVE)↓↓↓能量(ENERGY)↓↓
材料(MATERIALS)↓信息(INFORMATION)↑
PublishorPerish?
Whetherornotonewhollysubscribestothe“publishorperish”adage,thereisnoquestionbutthatthegoalofscientificresearchispublication.Andscientisitsaremeasured,andbecomeknown(orremainunknown),bytheirpublication.
Thepublicationofresearchresultsisanessentialpartoftheresearchprocess.
Ascientificexperiment,nomatterhowspectaculartheresult,isnotcompleteduntiltheresultsarepublished.Infact,thecornerstoneofthephilosophyofscienceisbasedonthefundamentalassumptionthatoriginalresearchmustbepublished;onlythiscannewscientificknowledgebeauthenticatedandthenaddedtotheexistingdatabasethatwecallscience.
Theresearchscientist,perhapsuniquelyamongthetradesandprofessions,mustprovideawrittendocumentshowingwhathedid,whyhedidit,howhedidit,andwhathelearnedfromit.
Thusthescientistmustnotonly“do”science;hemust“write”science.Althoughgoodwritingdoesnotleadtothepublicationofbadscience,badwritingcanandoftendoespreventordelaythepublicationofgoodscience.
1.1.2ThePurposeofThisShortCourse
Bypresentingcertainbasicprinciplesthatareacceptedinmostscientificdisciplines,itishopedthatthiscoursewillhelpscientistandstudentstopreparemanuscriptsthatwillhaveahighprobabilityofbeingacceptedforpublicationandofbeingcompletelyunderstoodwhentheyarepublished.
1.DefineaScientificPaper
·Towriteascientificpaper,thewritermustknowexactlywhatitisheisdoingandwhyheisdoingit.
·Tobeguiltyofdualpublication,ortousetheworkofotherswithoutappropriateattribution,isthetypeofbreachinscientificethicsthatisregardedasunforgivablebyone’speers.Therefore,exactdefinitionofwhatmygointoascientificpaper,andwhatmaynot,isofprimeimportance.
2.PartsAnalysisofaScientificPaper
·Eachindividualelementofthescientificpaperisanalyzed,itembyitem.
·Fortunately,therearecertaincommonlyacceptedrulesregardingtheconstructionofthetitle,theAbstract,theIntroduction,etc.,sothatthispartsanalysis,oncemastered,shouldservethescientistthroughouthisresearchcareer.
3.AssociatedInformationEitherTechnicalorRelatedtothePostWritingStages
·Technicalinformation:
e.g.,howtoprepareillustrativematerial;
·InformationRelatedtothePostWritingStages:
e.g.,submission,review,andpublicationprocesses.
4.RulesRelatingtoPrimaryScientificPapersAreAdjustedtoFitDifferentCircumstances
Thesecircumstancesincludethewritingofreviewpapers,conferencereports,andtheses.
5.AdditionalTopics
·SomeoftherulesofEnglishasappliedtoscientificwriting;
·Asermonagainstjargon;
·Adiscussionofabbreviations
·Asermonagainstsin.
1.2WhatIsaScientificPaper
1.2.1InexactandExactDefinitions
InexactDefinitions:
·Perhapsthebestanswertothequestion“Whatisascientificpaper”wasprovidedbythewagwhodescribedadrugas“anysubstancewhich,wheninjectedintoalaboratoryrat,producesascientificpaper.”
·Itwasoncesaidthatascientificpaperisnotdesignedtoberead.Itisdesignedtobepublished.Althoughthiswassaidinjest,thereismuchtruthtoit.And,actually,ifthepaperisdesignedtobepublished,itwillalsobeinaprescribedformthatcanberead,oratleastitscontentscanbegraspedquicklyandeasilybythereader.
·Ascientificpaperis(i)thefirstpublicationoforiginalresearchresults,(ii)inaformwherebypeersoftheauthorcanrepeattheexperimentsandtesttheconclusions,and(iii)inajournalorothersourcedocumentwhichisreadilyavailablewithinthescientificcommunity.OrasDebakey(1976)saidit,“thecontentsofanarticleshallbenew,true,important,andcomprehensible
ExactDefinitions:
In1968,theCouncilofBiologyEditors(CBE)arrivedatthefollowingdefinition:
Anacceptableprimaryscientificpublicationmustbethefirstdisclosure(N.B.Nowentryintoacomputerdatabase)containingsufficientinformationtoenablepeers
(1)toassessobservations,
(2)torepeatexperiments,and(3)toevaluateintellectualprocesses;moreover,itmustbesusceptibletosensoryperception,essentiallypermanent,availabletothescientificcommunitywithoutrestriction,andavailableforregularscreeningbyoneormoreofthemajorrecognizedsecondaryservices(e.g.,currently,BiologicalAbstracts,ChemicalAbstracts,etc.,intheUnitedStatesandsimilarfacilitiesinothercountries).
N.B.Thisdefinitionexcludespublicationsuchasnewslettersandhouseorgans.
1.2.2OrganizationandLanguageofaScientificPaper
Ascientificpaperis,orshouldbe,highlystylized,withdistinctiveanddearlyevidentcomponentparts.Eachscientificpapershouldhave,inproperorder,itsIntroduction,MaterialsandMethods,Results,andDiscussion.
“Goodorganizationisthekeytogoodwriting”—byMSPeterson(1961)
(i)Whatwastheproblem?
→theIntroduction;
(ii)Howdidyoustudytheproblem?
→theMaterialsandMethods;
(iii)Whatdidyoufind?
→theResults;
(iv)Whatdothesefindingsmean?
→theDiscussion.
Somepeoplethinkthatthepreparationofascientificpaperhasalmostnothingtodowithwriting,perse.itisaquestionoforganization.
Inadditiontoorganization,thesecondprincipalingredientofascientificpapershouldbeappropriatelanguagewithinthatorganization.WekeepemphasizingproperuseofEnglish,becauseitisinthisareathatmostscientistshavetrouble.
DavidBTrumansaiditwell:
”Inthecomplexitiesofcontemporaryexistencethespecialistwhoistrainedbutuneducated,technicallyskilledbutactuallyincompetent,isamenace.”
Languageneednotbedifficult.Inscientificwriting,wesay:
“ThebestEnglishisthatwhichgivesthesenseinthefewestshortwords.”Literarytricks,metaphorsandthelike,divertattentionfromthemessagetothestyle.Theyshouldbeusedrarely,ifatall,inscientificwriting.
1.2.3OtherDefinitions
Originalresearchreport→scientificpaper;
·Researchreportthatarenotoriginal,ornotscientific,orsomehowfailtoqualifyasscientificpapers→areviewpaper,aconferencereport,ameetingabstract,etc.
Areviewpapermayreviewalmostanything,mosttypicallytherecentworkinadefinedsubjectareaortheworkofaparticularindividualorgroup.Thus,thereviewpaperisdesignedtosummarize,analyze,orsynthesizeinformationthathasalreadybeenpublished(researchreportsinprimaryjournals).Althoughmuchorallofthem
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