An overview of zeolite catalysis in production of biofuels is presented.docx
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An overview of zeolite catalysis in production of biofuels is presented.docx
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Anoverviewofzeolitecatalysisinproductionofbiofuelsispresented
Thispaperinvestigatestheeconomicefficiency–oilconsumptionrelationshipin42countriesduringtheperiod1986–2006.InafirststagebyusingDEAwindowanalysiscountries'economicefficienciesareobtained.InasecondstageaneconometricanalysisbasedonrobustGMMestimatorsrevealsaninverted‘U’-shaperelationshipbetweenoilconsumptionandeconomicefficiency.Inordertocaptureheterogeneitiesamongcountries'developmentstagestheanalysishasbeenseparatedintotwogroups(advancedeconomiesanddeveloping/emergingeconomies).Theresultsshowthatadvancedeconomieshavemuchhigherturningpointscomparedtoemerginganddevelopingeconomies.Itappearsthatoilconsumptionincreasescountries'economicefficiency.Inadditiontheconsumptionpatternsofoilproductsanditsderivativeshavechangedthroughyearsandamongcountries.Thedifferentturningpointsfromtheeconometricanalysisindicatethedependenceofoilconsumptioninadvancedeconomies(higherturningpoints)isdrivenmainlybyhouseholdpurchasingactivitiesandtheirstandardsofliving(transport,housingandwater,food,etc.).Finally,itappearsthatoilconsumptionisthemaindriverbehindtheprogressofindustrializationandurbanizationregardlessofthecountry'sdevelopmentstage.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Data
3.TechniquesAdopted
3.1.DEAWindowAnalysis
3.2.TheProposedModelforMeasuringEconomicEfficiency
3.3.PanelDataEconometricMethods
3.3.1.GeneralizedMethodofMoments(GMM)
3.3.2.TheRandomCoefficientModel
4.EmpiricalResults
5.Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Biomassisanabundantandcarbon–neutralrenewableenergyresourcefortheproductionofbiofuels,movingthemarketdependenceawayfromfossil-basedenergysources.Themainproblemishowtoefficientlyremovetheabundantoxygencontentfrombiomass-derivedproductsandconvertitintoahydrophobicmoleculewiththeappropriatecombustionorchemicalproperties.Manyeffortshavebeendevotedtothesearchofheterogeneouscatalyticsystems,moreselective,safeandenvironmentallyfriendly.Inthisscenariozeolitesandmesoporouscompoundsmayhelpchemiststodevelopnewbiofuelgenerationprocesses.Thedevelopmentofnewcatalystsinthefieldofconversionofbiomasstobiofuelsrequiresknowledgeofthecomplexnatureofthesubstratestobeconverted.Startingfromthemainchemicalaspectsofthedifferentbiomassplatforms,anoverviewofsomeofthezeoliteandmesoporousmaterialstechnologiescurrentlyusedcommerciallyortestedatpilotandlaboratoryscale,ispresentedinthispaper.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Theroleofzeolitecatalystinbiomassconversion
3.Vegetableoils
4.Sugarplatform
5.Lignin
6.Bio-oilsfrombiomass
7.Conclusions
References
Background
Hepaticresectionmaybeassociatedwithpostoperativecoagulopathy.However,thereislimitedinformationaboutthepredictorsaffectingcoagulopathyafterdonorhepatectomy.Weevaluatedthecontributorsofmaximalchangesinprothrombintime(PT),activatedthromboplastintime(aPTT),andplateletcountinthedevelopmentofpostoperativecoagulopathy.
Methods
Weretrospectivelyanalyzed864livingdonors,allofwhomreceivedgeneralanesthesiausingdesflurane,isoflurane,orsevoflurane.Acoagulationderangementwasdefinedasoneormoreofthefollowingeventspostoperatively:
peakPT>1.5internationalnormalizedratio(INR;highestquartileofPT),peakaPTT>46seconds(highestquartileofaPTT),ornadirplateletcount<100×109/L.Factorswereevaluatedbyunivariateandmultivariatelogisticregressionanalysistoidentifypredictorsofcoagulopathy.
Results
MeanpostoperativepeakPT,peakaPTT,andnadirplateletcountwere1.4±0.2INR,43.8±23.7seconds,and155.9±37.3×109/L,respectively,with39.4%ofdonorsbeingattheriskforcoagulationderangement.Multivariatelogisticregressionanalysisrevealedthatpredictorsofsuchderangementincludedanesthesiaduration,remnantlivervolume,andbodymassindex(BMI).However,coagulationderangementwasnotindependentlyassociatedwithage,gender,volatileanesthetics,centralvenouspressure,fattychangeintheliver,estimatedbloodloss,orintraoperativehypotensiveepisodes.
Conclusion
Wefoundthatlonganesthesiaduration,lowBMI,andsmallremnantlivervolumewerepredictorsofcoagulationderangement.Theseresultsprovideabetterunderstandingofriskfactorsaffectingchangesincoagulationprofilesafterlivingdonorhepatectomy.
ArticleOutline
Methods
Donors
AnestheticTechnique
OperativeTechnique
Measurements
DataAnalysis
Results
Discussion
Limitations
References
THECALIFORNIA“turbinerush”startedinAltamontPassin1981andendedabruptlyafewyearslater,butnotuntilthousandsofmachinesfilledhigh-windareasofCalifornia'sdesertsandmountainpasses.
ArticleOutline
Whatisthesituationtoday?
Anewgenerationofinnovation
Aerodynamics
DriveTrain
IntelligentOperation
Potentialforcostreduction
Inthisstudy,weperformenergyanalysesofhydrogenproductionwithbiogas-basedelectricity.Inthisstudy,afactorygeneratingitsownelectricityfrombiogasobtainedfromwastewatertreatmentplantisconsideredforinvestigation.Hydrogenproductionprocessconductedusingbiogas-basedelectricityisexaminedbythreemethodsofelectrolysis.Theenergyanalysesofhydrogenproductionwithelectricitygeneratedbybiogas-basedsourcesarecarriedoutusingtheactualdataobtainedfromafactory.Theresultsofthisstudyindicatethatoutdoortemperaturegreatlyaffectsbiogasandhydrogenproduction.Thecitieswithhigh-temperateclimatemayachievehigheroverallsystemenergyefficiency.Theoverallenergyefficienciesofthesystemforthethreetypesofelectrolysersvarybetween7.86%and86.90%.InstallingaPEMelectrolyserintheplantwillyield110 kg/dayofH2production.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Systemdescriptionandbiogasproduction
2.1.Determinationofreactorheatingdemand
2.2.Electricityproduction
2.3.Systemintegration
3.Energyanalysis
3.1.Energyefficiencyofbiogasproduction
3.2.Energyofelectricityproductionfromproducedbiogas
3.3.Energyefficiencyofhydrogenproduction
3.3.1.PEMelectrolyser
3.3.2.High-temperatureelectrolysis(HTE)
3.3.3.Alkaline(KOH)electrolyser
4.Resultsanddiscussion
5.Conclusions
Nomenclature
References
InresponsetotheUSfederalrenewablefuelsstandards,newethanolplantsofvaryingsizesarebeingestablishedintheUS.Thetransportationchallengeistodecideonhowbesttomoverawmaterialstotheseexistingandnewethanolplants,andtoshipthefuelfromtheethanolplantstomarketsaroundthecountry.Inthispaper,weextendtheInterperiodNetworkStorageLocation–Allocation(INSLA)modelformulationintoaRail-INSLAmodeltoaddressthetransportation/transshipmentissuesassociatedwiththeraildistributionofethanolbiofuelsthatinclude:
transportinglessthanunittrainquantitiesfromeachplant,developingnewsidingsatethanolplantstoaccommodateaunittrain,anddeterminingtheoptimalnumberandlocationsforcarrieroperatedterminalsfortheagglomerationoflessthanunittrainsizeshipmentsintounittrainshipments.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Background
3.Modeldevelopment
4.Casestudyapplication
4.1.Data
4.2.Results
5.Solutionexperience
6.Summaryandconclusions
Acknowledgements
References
TheeffectsoftwolubricatingoilsonnematodeassemblagesofaTunisianlagoonwereinvestigatedinamicrocosmexperiment.SedimentfromapristinesiteinGharElMelhlagoon(WesternMediterranean)wastreatedwitheithermineraloil(Mobil20 W-50),asyntheticlubricant(Mobil0 W-40),thesametwolubricantsafteruseinavehicle,andeffectswereexaminedafter5 weeks.Univariateanalysisshowedsignificantdifferencesbetweenmostunivariateindicesofthenematodeassemblagesinallthelubricanttreatmentsascomparedtothecontrol.Totalnematodeabundance(I),speciesrichness(d)andnumberofspecies(S)decreasedsignificantlyinalllubricantcontaminatedmicrocosms.However,evennesswasnotaffectedinalltreatedreplicatesexceptinusedminerallubricanttreatmentwhereitwassignificantlyhigherthaninthecontrol.Diversity(H′)wasonlyalteredinsyntheticlubricanttreatments.Resultsfrommultivariateanalysesofthespeciesabundancedatademonstratedthatresponsesofnematodespeciestothetwolubricantstreatmentswerevaried:
Daptonematrabeculosumwaseliminatedinalllubricanttreatmentsandseemedtobeanintolerantspeciestooilcontamination.Spiriniagerlachiincreasedinminerallubricanttreatments(“clean”andused)butwaseliminatedinallsyntheticlubricanttreatments.Thisspeciescouldbecategorizedas“resistant”tomineraloilcontaminationandintoleranttosyntheticlubricantcontamination.Terschellingialongicaudataincreasedonlyinsyntheticlubricanttreatments(“clean”andused)andappearedtobea“syntheticoil-resistant”species.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Materialsandmethods
2.1.Collectingsite
2.2.Lubricantcontaminationofsediment
2.3.Experimentalset-up
2.4.Sampleprocessing
2.5.Dataprocessing
3.Results
3.1.Univariateindices
3.2.Multivariateindices
4.Discussion
5.Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Anexperimentalstudyisconductedtoevaluatetheeffectsofusingblendsofdieselfuelwitheitherethanolinproportionsof5%and10%orn-butanolin8%and16%(byvol.),onthecombustionbehaviorofafully-instrumented,six-cylinder,turbochargedandafter-cooled,heavyduty,directinject
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