民航货运英语.docx
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民航货运英语.docx
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民航货运英语
LESSONONEThedevelopmentofaircargo航空货运的发展
Smallpackageservice:
Aspecializedserviceguaranteeingthedeliveryofsmallparcelswithinspecifiedexpresstimelimits,e、g、samedayornextday、Thistrafficissubjecttosizeandweightlimitations、Mostpassengeraircarriersalsoprovidethisserviceatairportticketcounterswithdeliveryatdestinationbaggageclaimarea、It’softenreferredtoascountertocounter、
Tonmile:
Thecommonmeasurementoftransportationproductivity、Onetonmilemeansonetonofcargoflownonemile、
All-cargoaircraft:
Aircraftforthecarriageofcargoonly,ratherthanthecombinationofpassengersandcargo、Cargoaircraftcarrypalletizedorcontainerizedtrafficonthemaindeckandeitherunitizedorbulkcargoonthelowerdeck、Cargoaircraftarenormallyequippedwithspecialcargoloadingsystemsonthemaindeck、Alsoreferredtoasfreighters、
TEXT
Thetermaircargoisgenerallyusedinthebroadsense,toincludeairfreight,mail,andtheseveraltypesofexpeditedsmallpackageservices、Inshort,almosteverythingthatgoesinthecargocompartmentonapassengerflightisconsideredaircargo,exceptpassengerbaggage,whichistreatedaspartofthepassenger、
Theairlinegottheirstartcarryingmail,thenprogressedintothepassengerbusinessandmovedtosubstantialparticipationinthefreightbusiness、Yetalthoughitwasthelatecomer,airfreightwasoncethefastest-growingsegmentoftheairlineindustry、From1961through1971,theton-milesoffreightcarriedbyUSscheduledairlineshadnearlyafivefoldincrease,whilepassenger-milesincreasedalittleoverthreefold、The1970sshowedslowerbutsteadygrowth,abouta67percentincreaseoverthedecadeforton-milesofairfreight、
Inthe1980ssmall-packageexpressservicesgrewrapidlyanddataforthatdecadereflectfreightandexpresscombined、Theyshowan85percentincreaseinton-milesinthetenyears、Mostrecentfiguresshowanincreaseof11、5percentfrom1990-1993、
Butitwouldbeamistaketodowngradetheimportanceofaircargoonlybecauseitisasmallbusinesscomparedwiththepassengerbusiness、Becauseofitsspeed,andbecauseofthemanysavingsderivingfromspeed,aircargoservicehasbecomevaluabletomanufactures,toretailers,andtoconsumers、Amanufacturerofappliancesmayrelyontheairlinesfordeliveryofcomponents,whileretailersmayuseairformovingmuchoftheirmerchandisetotheirscatteredoutlets、Theconsumermaybenefitinmanyways,suchasquickreceiptofurgentlyneededgoods、Theconsumeralsobenefitsindirectlytotheextentthatuseofairmayinvolveandoverallcostsavinginthemanufactureanddistributionofgoods、
Manyairlinesspecializeincarryingcargo、Butmuchcargoiscarriedbyregularpassengerairlines,whichmeansmostcargotodaytravelsinthecargoholdsonpassengerflights,ratherthanall-cargoaircraft、
In1949theCivilAeronauticsBoard(CAB)establishedaclassofairlinecalledcertificatedcargocarriers、Theonememberofthatsurvivedintothe1980swastheflyingtigerline,whichdevelopedalargeworldwidenetworkand,foratime,wastheworld’slargestcarrierofairfreight、In1989itwasacquiredbythesmall-packagecarrierfederalexpress、
The1970sand1980ssawaremarkablegrowthinsmall-packagetraffic、The1990s,however,haveseensmall-packagecarriersexpandintotheairfreightbusiness,themergerofFederalExpresswithFlyingTigerbeingconsistentwiththistrend、Thetermintegratedcarrierwasinitiallyusedforsmall-packagecarriersusingtheirowntrucksforpickupanddelivery—“integrated”inthesenseofone-com-anyservicefromdoortodoor、Notonlyhavethesecarriersbeenexpandingintoairfreight,manyairfreightforwardsnowoperatetheirownaircraftandprovideone-company“integrated”service、Thetermisnowcomingtobeusedtodistinguishtheairlinethatcarriesonlycargofromthecombinationcarrierthatisprimarilyinthepassengerbusinessandtakescargoasasideline、
LESSONTWOAirFreight航空运费
Airwaybill:
Thedocumentmadebyoronbehalfoftheshipperwhichisadocumentaryevidenceofcarrier’sandshipper’ssignaturetothecontractofcarriage、
Shipment:
Alsoknownasconsignment、Oneormorepiecesoffreightbeingtransportedunderthecontractedauthorityofoneairwaybill
CustomsBroker:
anagentspecializedininboundcustomsclearance
Container:
Aunitloaddevice(ULD)inwhichaconsignmentcanbetransported、
TEXT
Themovementoffreightbyairismorecomplicatedthanthemovementofpassengersbyair、Everypieceoffreighthastobecarefullylabeledandtransportedfromplacetoplace、Inaddition,therearemorecomplicatedgovernmentregulationsforinternationalshipmentoffreightthanforpassengers、
Becauseofthesecomplications,mostairfreightshipmentsarehandledbyfreightforwardingagencies,whichfillafunctionsimilartothatperformedbytravelagenciesforpassengers、Inotherwords,theytakecareofmakingallthenecessaryarrangementssothatthecustomerisnotbotheredwithmanyofthedetails、
Theairfreightagentdoesmostofhisworkbytelephone、Let’ssupposethatashippingclerkcallsinfromacompanythatsendsalargenumberofshipmentsbyair、Theairfreightagentassignsanairwaybillnumbertotheshipment、Thenhearrangesforpickupoftheshipment、Hecanalsobooktheshipmentonwhateverflightsarenecessary、Whentheshipmentisreceivedbytheairline,eachpieceismarkedwiththeairwaybillnumberforidentification、
Airfreightiscarriedeitherinthebaggagecompartmentofaregularpassengerflight,orbyfreightswhichhavebeenespeciallydesignedoradaptedforcarryingcargo、Thefreightersusuallyoperatebetweenmajorshippingpoints、
Thechargesonairfreightaredeterminedeitherbyweightorweightplusvolume----thatis,bythesizeofthepiecesintheshipment、Generally,acertainnumberofcubicinchesisconsideredtheequivalentofapoundofweight、Oninternationalshipments,theshipperisatpresentallowed194cubicinchesforeachpound、Ifheexceedsthevolumeallowance,hepaysahigherrate、
Withpassengers,thefarefortheflightisalmostalwayspaidinadvance、Withfreight,howevertheairlinecanacceptpaymentondelivery,thisiscustomarywithlarge,frequentshippers、Amemberofthegeneralpublicwhoisshippingpersonaleffectswouldprobablybeaskedtoprepay、Inregardtointernationalshipments,however,somecountriesdonotpermitandshipmentsexceptthosethathavebeenprepaid,nomatterwhotheshipperis、
Withamemberofthepublic,theagentisprobablyunabletoassignanairwaybillnumber,ascertainthecharges,orbooktheshipmentonspecificflightsuntiltheshipmenthasbeenreceivedbytheairline,whenitisweighed,andcheckedtoseeifitisadequatelypacked、Whenacompanyismarkingafirst-timeshipment,particularlyifitisaninternationalshipment,theairlineagentmightrecommendafreightforwardingagencytohelptheshipperwithalltheproblemsofdocumentation,insurance,andsoon、
Inadditiontothefreightforwardingagencies,theshippingbusinesshasalsogivenrisetoanotheroccupation,thecustomsbroker、Thecustomsbrokergivesassistancetointernationalshippersbothingettingnecessarydocumentationforoutgoingshipmentsandingettingincomingshipments,throughcustomsformalities、Inalmostallcountries,incomingfreightmustgothroughcustoms,beforeitcanbereleasedtotheconsignee、Freightusuallymustbeopenedandinspectedinthepresenceoftheconsigneeorhisrepresentative、Thisisoneofthejobsperformedbyacustomsbroker、
Theairwaybillisthemostimportantdocumentintheshippingofairfreight、Thecommonpracticeonmostairlinesistomarkeachpieceoffreightintheshipmentwithanairwaybillnumber、
Itisacomplicateddocument、Thereareusuallyasmanyastwelvecopiesofeachairwaybill、Copiesgototheshipper,theconsignee,andeachairlineonwhichthefreighttravels、Theairwaybillshowsthevalueoftheshipment,thecharges,theinsurance,theflightsonwhichthefreightisbeingshipped,andotherinformation、
Theentirebusinessofshippingfreightisacomplicatedone、Inadditiontotheroutineofarrangingforcollectionanddelivery,bookingtheshipmentsonflights,andfillingoutairwaybill,thefreightagentisalsoinvolvedinsuchproblemsastracinglostorstrayedshipmentsanddealingwithclaimsondamagedshipments、Hemustalsobeacquaintedwiththespecialservicesthathisairlineoffers,suchascontainerizedservice,inwhichtheairlineprovidestheshipperwithspecialcontainers、
Airfreight,willprobablymakeupalargeshareofthetotalairlinebusinessinthefuture、Airlinesgenerallymakealargerprofitcarryingfreightthanpassengers,afact,whichguaranteesthegrowthofairfreightservices、
LESSONTHREETypesofcarriers承运人类型
Specialterms
Integratedcarrier:
Acarrierthatprovidesdoor-to-dooraircargotransportationusingitsownorcontractedairplanesandmotortrucks,andperformsthisserviceundertheauthorityofasingleairwaybill(e、g、UnitedParcelserviceandFederalExpress)、
CombinationCarrier:
Scheduledaircarrierswhotransportbothpassengersandcargoinpassengerconfiguredaircraft,withcargorestrictedtothelowerdeckcompartments、
Belly:
AlsoknownasPitsorHolds、Compartmentslocatedbeneaththecabinofanaircraftandusedforthecarriageofcargoandpassengerbaggage、
PickupandDelivery:
Anoptionalserviceforthesurfacetransportofshipmentsfromshipper’sdocktooriginationairterminalandformtheairterminalofdestinationtoreceiver’sdock、Forairfreight,anaddi
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