大二期末英语写作总结.docx
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大二期末英语写作总结.docx
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大二期末英语写作总结
▪1.Diction:
▪Definition:
Dictionreferstotheappropriatechoiceanduseofthewordswhenwritingacomposition.
▪2.Typesofwords
▪2.1Commonwords:
▪Definition:
commonwordsformthecoreofEnglishvocabulary,theyareusedinallkindsofwritingandspeech.
▪
▪2.2Formalandtechnicalwords
Definition:
wordsusedbypeopleofspecialprofessionsoffields,onspecialoccasionsorforspecialpurposes,suchaspolitical,legal,scientific,technical,businessandliterarywords(page1)
▪Informal/Commonwords
▪same
▪Speech
▪Learned
▪Destroy
▪Stiff
▪Try
▪Piece
▪giveaspeech
▪Help
▪Thankful
▪Buy
▪use
▪End
▪ontime
▪blowup
▪lookinto
▪Formal/technicalwords
▪identical
▪Oration
▪Erudite
▪Annihilate
▪Rigid
▪Endeavour
▪Fragment
▪deliveraspeech
▪Assist
▪Grateful
▪Purchase
▪Utilize
▪Terminate
▪Punctual
▪Explode
▪investigate
2.3Nonstandardwords:
vDefinition:
usedbypeoplewhoarenotwelleducatedorbypeopleofspecialgroups,suchasregionoragegroup.
v2.3.1Slang
vDefinition:
veryinformalwords,phrases,etccommonlyusedinspeech,esp.betweenpeoplefromthesamesocialgrouporwhoworktogether,notconsideredsuitableforformalcontextsandoftennotinuseforlong.E.g.Cop;buddy;guy;Baby-sitter.
2.3.2Jargon
Definition:
Jargonreferstotechnicalorspecializedwordsusedbyaparticulargroupofpeopleanddifficultforotherstounderstand.E.g.偶,9494,顶,东东,大虾,表,BF,GF,886,bridge(网桥:
)broadband(宽带):
DNS(域名系统):
Download(下载):
FileTransferProtocol(FTP)(文件传输协议):
Gateway(网关):
IPAddress(IP地址):
Upload(上载):
Hypertext(超文本):
Host(主机):
DomainNameSystem(域名系统):
2.3.3Dialect
▪Definition:
Dialectisaformoflanguageusedinapartofacountryorbyaclassofpeople.E.g.Goodymate;it’smyshout;howareyougoing?
2.3.4Obsoletewords
Definition:
Obsoletewordsarethewordsthatareoutofdateornolongerused.E.g.Thy;Thee;rouseabout;jumbucker
3.choiceofwords
▪3.1commonorinformalwords
▪commonorinformalwordsforgeneralpurposes
▪3.2formalornonstandard
▪formalornonstandardwordsonlyonspecialoccasionsorforspecialpurposes.
▪3.3Specificorconcrete
▪Specificorconcretewordsfordetails
▪3.4generalorabstractwords
▪generalorabstractwordsforsummaries(page2)
General
Horse
Sheep
Pig/swine
Cattle
animal
Laugh
Big
scientisy
▪specific
▪stallion,mare,pony
▪ram,ewe,lamb
▪boar,sow,piggy
▪bull/ox,cow,calf
tiger,horse,fox,cat,mouse,bird,butterfly,insect
chuckle,guffaw,giggle,roar,smile,grin,beam
Huge,great,large,vast,immense,enormous,tremendous
Physicist,chemist,biologist,astronomer,geologist,mathematician
3.5Idiomaticexpressionsandwords
▪Definition:
IdiomaticexpressionsandwordsrefertothecollocationsandidiomswhichareusedinEnglishwriting;Weshouldavoidcombinationsthatareunidiomatic;
▪Acquireknowledge;Getajob;Achievesuccess;Gainreputation;Attainone`send;Invitationto;Keyto
▪Unidiomatic
▪Goodgoodstudy,daydayup
▪Peoplemountainpeoplesea
▪Studyknowledge
▪Threegoodstudent
▪Talklovewith
▪Idiomatic
▪Nopains,nogains
▪Factsspeaklouderthanwords
▪Longtimenosee
▪Don’tkeepupwiththeJoneses
▪Fallinlovewith…
▪Exercises:
Idiomaticexpressions(thefollowingsentencesarenotidiomatic,improvethem.)
▪HerEnglishisbad.
▪Myfamilyissimple.
▪Pleaseeatanythingyoulike.
▪Hisbodywassostrongthatheseldomfellill
▪HerEnglishispoor.
▪Myfamilyissmall.
▪Pleasehelpyourself.
▪Hewassostrongthatheseldomfellill.
▪3.6Synonyms(page3)
▪Definition:
arewordsthathavethesameorsimilarmeanings.
▪help
▪wish
▪begin
▪child
▪freedom
▪meal
▪hide
▪love
▪happiness
▪hearty
▪little
▪little
▪except
▪big
▪Aid;assist
▪Desire
▪commence
▪infant
▪liberty
▪repast
▪conceal
▪charity
▪Felicity
▪Cordial
▪Small
▪few
▪Besides
▪large
Chapter3Makingcorrectandeffectivesentences
1.Correctsentences
1,completenessinstructure
2.therightsubject
3.agreementbetweenthesubjectandthepredicateverb
4.agreementbetweenpronounandantecedent
5.clearpronounreference
6.endingsentenceswithfullstops
7.joiningclauseswithconjunctions
8.amainclauseinacomplexsentences
9,properuseofcomparisons
10.correctuseofthetenses
3.1Coordination
Coordination:
Theformofmethodthatconnectstwosentences,whichareofequalimportance,byjoiningthemwithacoordinatingconjunctioniscalledcoordination./Whentwoormorethingsorideasofequalimportancearementioned,coordinateclausesjoinedwithacoordinatingconjunctionareused(and,but,or,nor,yet,so,andso,ratherthan,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…for,)thisformormethodiscalledcoordination.
3.2Subordination
▪Definition:
Subordinationreferstothemethodbywhichamainandimportantideaisstated,atthesametimeoneormorelessimportantideasisorareexpressedinsubordinateclauses./Whenanimportantideainamainclauseandoneormorelessimportantideasinsubordinateclausesareexpressed,onepartismoreimportantthantheotherparts,thoselessimportantpartsshouldbeexpressedwithsubordinateclause.Thismethodiscalledsubordination.(thatwhowhichwherewhen…)
Relativepronounsandrelativeadverbswhichcanleadclauses:
▪Subjectiveclause:
that,what,how,when,where,which…,whether(butnotif),how,who,whose…,itis(was)…subjectiveclause;
▪Objectiveclause:
that(canbeomitted),what,how,when,where,which…,whether(butnotif),how,who,whom,whose…;
▪Adverbialclause(10kinds):
a.Adverbialoftime:
when,whattime,while,as,whenever,before,after,nosooner…than…,hardly…when…,not…until/till…,assoonas,till/until,since;
b.Adverbialofplace:
where,wherever,everywhere
c.Adverbialofcondition:
if,unless,providingthat,providedthat,supposing,supposethat,aslongas,onconditionthat,incase;onlyif,once;
d.Adverbialofreason:
because,since,as,for,seeingthat,nowthat,consideringthat,inthat;
e.Adverbialofconcession:
though,although,evenif,ifeventhough,while,whereas,whether…or(not)…,whatever,how…….ever,
f.Adverbialofmanner:
as,justas,asif,asthough;
g.Adverbialofcomparison:
as…as…,thesameas,such…as…,notso…as,than;
h.Adverbialofpurpose:
so…that…,inorderthat…,lest,forfearthat,incase;
i.Adverbialofresult:
so…that…,such…that…,so,that,
2.1Requirementsofeffectivesentences:
2.1.1Unity
Definition:
onemainideaandtheideaiscomplete.
E.g.×BorninSichuanprovince,helaterbecameafamouswriter.×Iwasbornin1970,soIwenttoxi’an.
2.1.2Coherence
Definition:
clearandcorrectarrangementofthepartsofasentence.Easytounderstand,itsmeaningcannotbemistaken,becausetheconnectionbetweenitswordsconformstogrammarrulesandusage.Anincoherentsentenceisoftenhardtounderstandandmaybeinterpretedindifferentways.(p.62)
Sixprinciplesofmakingasentencecoherent
1Don’tseparatewordsthatarecloselyrelatedunlessitisnecessary;
2Don’tuseapronounwithambiguousreference;
3Don’tuseadanglingmodifierorputamodifierfarfromtheworditmodifies;
4Don’tmakeunnecessaryorconfusingshiftsinpersonornumber;
5Don’tmakeunnecessarychangesinthevoice,tenseormoodofverbs;
6Don’tusedifferentformstoexpressparallelideas.
2.1.3Conciseness
vDefinition:
oneoftherulesofsentencemakingistouseonlythenecessarywordstoexpresstheideaclearly.(p29)e.g.×Ilikeanimalpets.×Shewasagirlandnolessthan18yearsold.
vFiveprinciplesofConciseness:
v2.1.3.1Useapronouninsteadofrepeatinganoun;
v2.1.3.2Useawordinsteadofaphrasewiththesamemeaning,anduseaphraseinsteadofclausewiththesamemeaning;
v2.1.3.3don’trepeatwordsorphrases,ifpossible,inasentenceorinonethatfollows;
v2.1.3.4don’tusedifferentwordsorphraseswithsimilarmeaninginthesamesentence;
v2.1.3.5Don’trepeatthesameideaindifferentsentencesexceptforemphasis.Exercises:
2.1.4Emphasis
●tomaketheideamoreimportantortheevidencemoreconvincing.
●2.1.4.1Placing:
thebeginningandtheend.E.g.TheAmericanssaythatChinaisthemostchallengingcountrytotheUSA.E.g.Amongthe50studentsinmyclass,noonecouldhavewrittensuchaniceessaybutTom.
●2.1.4.2activevoice
●2.1.4.3Climaticsequence:
fromleastimportanttomostimportant
●2.1.4.4Subordination
●2.1.4.5Repeatingimportantwords
●2.1.4.6Balancedsentences:
Asentenceconsistsoftwopartswhichareofthesameimportance,thesamestructureandthesamelengthwithcontrastedorsimilarideas.
●2.1.4.7Periodicsentences:
isonethatisnotcompleteinstructureuntilitreachesthelastword,whichisthemostimportantwordofthesentence.
●2.1.4.8Negative-positivestatements:
Negative→positive
●2.1.4.9Rhetoricalquestions
2.1.5Variety
●Definition:
thewaytoexpressone’sideawithdifferentsentencepatternsanddifferentsentencestructures,mixingshortandlong,simpleandcompoundorcomplex,looseandperiodicsentencesinapassage.Trytouseasmorecoordinationandsubordination,invertedsentencepattern,emphaticsentencepatternaspossible.
●Waysofvariety:
●2.1.5.1Subordination
●2.1.5.2Participle,infinite,prepositionalphrasesandadverbs
●2.1.5.3Appositive
●2.1.5.4Emphasizedsentencepattern:
seldom,never,rarely,often,well,manyatime,invain,notonly,notuntil,hardly,scarcely,nosooner…than…,only,so+adverb/adjective,no,So…that…,nosooner…than….
●2.1.5.5
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- 大二 期末 英语 写作 总结