机械类外文文献翻译(中英文翻译).docx
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机械类外文文献翻译(中英文翻译).docx
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英文原文
MechanicalDesign andManufacturingProcesses
Mechanicaldesignistheapplicationofscienceandtechnologytodeviseneworimprovedproductsforthepurposeofsatisfyinghumanneeds. Itisavastfieldofengineeringtechnologywhichnotonlyconcernsitselfwiththeoriginalconceptionoftheproductintermsofitssize,shapeandconstructiondetails,butalsoconsidersthevariousfactorsinvolvedinthemanufacture,marketinganduseoftheproduct.
Peoplewhoperformthevariousfunctionsofmechanicaldesignaretypicallycalleddesigners,ordesignengineers.Mechanicaldesignisbasicallyacreativeactivity.However,inadditiontobeinginnovative,adesignengineermustalsohaveasolidbackgroundintheareasofmechanicaldrawing,kinematics,dynamics,materialsengineering,strengthof materialsandmanufacturingprocesses.
Asstatedpreviously,thepurposeofmechanicaldesignistoproduceaproductwhich willserveaneedforman.Inventions,discoveriesandscientificknowledgebythemselvesdo notnecessarilybenefitpeople;onlyiftheyareincorporatedintoadesignedproductwilla benefitbederived.Itshouldberecognized,therefore,thatahumanneedmustbeidentified beforeaparticularproductisdesigned.
Mechanicaldesignshouldbeconsideredtobeanopportunitytouseinnovativetalentsto envisionadesignofaproduct,toanalyzethesystemandthenmakesoundjudgmentsonhow theproductistobemanufactured.Itisimportanttounderstandthefundamentalsof engineeringratherthanmemorizemerefactsandequations.Therearenofactsorequations whichalonecanbeusedtoprovideallthecorrectdecisionsrequiredtoproduceagooddesign.
Ontheotherhand,anycalculationsmademustbedonewiththeutmostcareandprecision. Forexample,ifadecimalpointismisplaced,anotherwiseacceptabledesignmaynot function.
Gooddesignsrequiretryingnewideasandbeingwillingtotakeacertainamountof risk,knowingthatifthenewideadoesnotworktheexistingmethodcanbereinstated. Thusadesignermusthavepatience,sincethereisnoassuranceofsuccessforthetimeand effortexpended.Creatingacompletelynewdesigngenerallyrequiresthatmanyoldandwell-establishedmethodsbethrustaside.Thisisnoteasysincemanypeopleclingtofamiliar ideas,techniquesandattitudes.Adesignengineershouldconstantlysearchforwaysto improveanexistingproductandmustdecidewhatold,provenconceptsshouldbeusedandwhatnew,untriedideasshouldbeincorporated.
Newdesignsgenerallyhave"bugs"orunforeseenproblemswhichmustbeworkedout beforethesuperiorcharacteristicsofthe newdesignscanbeenjoyed.Thusthereisachanceforasuperiorproduct,butonlyathigherrisk. Itshouldbeemphasizedthat, ifadesigndoes notwarrantradicalnewmethods, suchmethodsshouldnotbeappliedmerelyforthesake ofchange.
Duringthebeginningstagesofdesign,creativityshouldbeallowedtoflourishwithout a greatnumberofconstraints. Even thoughmanyimpracticalideasmayarise,itisusuallyeasy toeliminatethemintheearlystagesofdesignbeforefirmdetailsarerequiredbymanufacturing.Inthisway,innovativeideasarenotinhibited.Quiteoften,morethanonedesignis developed,uptothepointwheretheycanbecomparedagainsteachother. It is entirely possiblethatthedesignwhichisultimatelyacceptedwilluseideasexistinginoneoftherejecteddesignsthatdidnotshowasmuchoverallpromise.
Psychologistsfrequentlytalkabouttryingtofitpeopletothemachinestheyoperate.Itisessentiallytheresponsibilityofthedesignengineertostrivetofitmachinestopeople.This isnotaneasytask,sincethereisreallynoaveragepersonforwhichcertainoperating dimensionsandproceduresareoptimum.
Anotherimportantpointwhichshouldberecognizedisthatadesignengineermustbeabletocommunicateideastootherpeopleiftheyaretobeincorporated.Communicatingthedesigntoothersisthefinal,vitalstepinthedesignprocess.Undoubtedlymanygreatdesigns,inventions,andcreativeworkshavebeenlosttomankindsimplybecausetheoriginatorswereunableorunwillingtoexplaintheiraccomplishmentstoothers.Presentationisasellingjob.Theengineer,whenpresentinganewsolutiontoadministrative,management,orsupervisorypersons,isattemptingtosellortoprovetothemthatthissolutionisabetterone.Unlessthiscanbedonesuccessfully,thetimeandeffortspentonobtainingthesolutionhavebeenlargelywasted.
Basically,thereareonlythreemeansofcommunicationavailabletous.Thesearethewritten,theoral,andthegraphicalforms.Thereforethesuccessfulengineerwillbe technicallycompetentandversatileinallthreeformsofcommunication.Atechnically competentpersonwholacksabilityinanyoneoftheseformsisseverelyhandicapped. If abi
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