The Major Sources and Health Impacts of Indoor Air Pollution.docx
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The Major Sources and Health Impacts of Indoor Air Pollution.docx
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TheMajorSourcesandHealthImpactsofIndoorAirPollution
TheMajorSourcesandHealthImpactsofIndoorAirPollution
Abstract:
Withthenationaleconomicdevelopmentandcontinuousimprovementofpeople'slivingstandards,peoplepaymoreattentiontoimprovingthequalityoflife.Relevantdataindicatethatthereare30percentofnewandrenovatedbuildingsexistingindoorairpollutiontobeharmfultohealth.Inthispaper,throughanalysisofsourcesandadversehealtheffectsofseveralcommonindoorairpollutants,airpollutantsaremajorcontributingfactorstochronicdiseasesandmortality.Itshouldbetreatedurgentlywiththepeople’sstandardoflivingimprovement.Finally,itismentionedthatsomemethodsbycontrollingsource,improvingventilationsystemstoexhaustcontaminatedair,andcleaningindoorair.
Keywords:
Indoorairpollution;Health;Sources;Impacts;Methods
I.INTRODUCTION
Inrecentyears,thequestiononindoorairpollutionhascausedgreatconcern.Accordingtostatistics,humanbeingshave60%to90%ofthetimeindoorsworkingorliving.Andchildren,pregnantwomen,theelderlyandchronicallyillaremostvulnerabletopollutionhazards.Suchhazardscancauserespiratorydiscomfort;seriouslycanproduceillness,evenlife-threatening.AccordingtoChinaAssociationforStandardizationandChinaDiseaseControlandPreventiontoguidechildhealthcarecenterfinding,eachyear,childrendiefromrespiratoryinfectionswhichcausedbydecorationpollutionashighas2.1million,ofwhichmorethan100millionchildrenunderage5thecauseofdeathassociatedwithindoorairpollution[1].China'sannualincreaseofleukemiapatients40000-50000,ofwhichabout50percentarechildren.Accordingtoachildren'shospitalstatistics,inthetreatmentofleukemiainchildren,90percentoffamilieshadbeenrenovatedwithinsixmonths.
Indoorpollutionsourcesthatreleasegasesorparticlesintotheairaretheprimarycausesofindoorairqualityproblemsinrooms.Inadequateventilationcanalsoincreaseindoorpollutantlevelssometimesreachinghigherconcentrationsthanwhatwefindoutside.Thispaperpresentsthesourcesofindoorairpollutionandtheirmanyharmfuleffectstohumanhealth.Anditgivesthemethodstoimproveindoorairquality.
II.THEMAINSOURCESOFINDOORAIRPOLLUTION
Indoorairpollutioncomesfrominsidebuildingandoutdoorair.Outdoorairpollutantsaremainlyfromindustrialemissions,traffic-relatedairpollutionandsoon.Forinstance,therearebenzene,sulfurdioxide,ozone,inhalableparticulatematter(PM10),etc.Theyinfluencetheindoorairquality,becauseoftheinfiltrationandexchangeofindoorairwithoutside.Therearemanysourcesofindoorairpollutioninsidebuilding,butthemaingroupsarechemicalpollutants,whichoftencomefromcooking,cleaning,smoking,constructionmaterialsandbiologicalpollutants,suchasallergensproducedbydustmites,petsandmoulds,includingthevolatileorganiccompoundsandtoxinsreleasedbythesemoulds.
Themainsourcesofindoorairpollutantsareintroducedasfollows.
A.SourcesofChemicalPollutants
1.RadonGas
Radonisacolorless,odorless,tastelessradioactivegasthatcanseepintorooms.Justasuraniumwhichispresentinallrocksandsoils.Itmaybefoundinrockformationsbeneathbuildingsorincertainbuildingmaterialsthemselves.RadonisprobablythemostpervasiveserioushazardforindoorairintheUnitedStatesandEurope,probablyresponsiblefortensofthousandsofdeathsfromlungcancereachyear.
Comparedwithuraniumandradiumwhicharefixedinthesolidmatterinrockandsoil,radonisagaswhichhasmuchgreatermobilityandcanmoreeasilyleavetherocksandsoilstoatmosphereandwater.Thestandardofradonislessthan400BQ/m3inChina.
Radonisaheavygasandthuswilltendtoaccumulateatthefloorlevel.Buildingmaterialscanactuallybeasignificantsourceofradon,butlittletestingisdoneforstone,rockortileproductsbroughtintobuildingsites;radonaccumulationisgreatestforwellinsulatedhomes.Thehalflifeforradonis3.8days,indicatingthatoncethesourceisremoved,thehazardwillbegreatlyreducedwithinafewweeks.
2.Formaldehyde
Sourcesofformaldehydeinroomsincludebuildingmaterials,environmentaltobaccosmoke,householdproducts,andtheuseofun-vented,fuel-burningappliances,likegasstovesorkerosenespaceheaters.
Formaldehyde,byitselforincombinationwithotherchemicals,servesanumberofpurposesinmanufacturedproducts.Forexample,itisusedtoaddpermanent-pressqualitiestodurablepressdrapesandothertextiles,asacomponentofgluesandadhesives,andasapreservativeinsomepaintsandcoatingproducts.
Amongthesesources,themostsignificantsourcesofformaldehydearepressedwoodproductsmadeusingadhesivesthatcontainurea-formaldehyde(UF)resins,suchashardwoodplywoodwallpaneling,particleboard,fiberboardandfurnituremadewiththesepressedwoodproducts.Themainpressedwoodproductsinroomsincludeparticleboardwhichisusedassub-flooringandshelvingandincabinetryandfurniture;hardwoodplywoodpanelingthatusedfordecorativewallcoveringandusedincabinetsandfurniture;andmediumdensityfiberboardthatusedfordrawerfronts,cabinets,andfurnituretops.Mediumdensityfiberboardcontainsahigherresin-to-woodratio(nearly15%)thananyotherUFpressedwoodproductandisgenerallyrecognizedasbeingthehighestformaldehyde-emittingpressedwoodproduct.FromthesurveymeasurementofconstructionmaterialsfornewhomesinTianjin,theconcentrationofformaldehydeis0.124mg/m3,whichisbeyondthestandardvalueof0.10mg/m3(thecurrentbaselineinChina)inGB/T18883-2002.
Itisrequiredthatthereleaseamountofformaldehydeinwood-basedpanelsshouldbelessthan9mg/100ginGB18580—2001.Theamountislessthan3mg/100ginAmerica.ItismuchhigherinChina’sstandard,buttherearealsomanypressedwoodproductsthatfarexceedthemaximumlevels.
Arecentstudyshowsformaldehydeconcentrationsweresignificantlyhigherinnewerhouses(redecoratedlessthan5months)thaninolderdwellings(redecoratedfor1-10years),anddecreasedwithincreasingredecorationtime.Thenewerdwellings(redecoratedlessthan5months)hadsignificantlyhigherindoorconcentrationsofformaldehydeandthedetectedvaluewasmorethan20timesthevaluethatlimitedinthecodeforindoorenvironmentalpollutioncontrolofcivilbuildingengineering,China(IEPC-CBE).Mostofthedetectedformaldehydeconcentrationsinthebedroom,livingroomandkitchenwerehigherthanthevaluethatlimitedinthecodementionedabove.However,nosignificantdifferencewasobservedintermsofformaldehydeconcentrationsinthebedroom,livingroomandkitchen.Formaldehydeconcentrationswerelowerinhouseswithsolidwoodenfloorandstonefloorthanindwellingswithcladplatefloor,possiblyduetolessnaturalventilationandmoreemissionsourcesincladplatefloor,suchasadhesiveandpaint[2].
Moreover,higherindoorairqualitywasobservedinwintercomparedwithsummer,thereasonmightbethatformaldehydevolatilizedtotheoutdoorairmoreeasilyinsummerduetothehighertemperature.
3.Benzene
Benzeneisacolorlessorlightyellowandtransparentoilyliquid,withaspecialfragrance,slightlysolubleinwater,volatile,andoftenusefororganicsolvents.Toluene,xylenebelongtobenzenecongeners,theybefoundinpaints,coatings,glue,andputty,thinners,adhesives.Therefore,benzenebecomestheairpollutantsofhomedecorationwhichisdifficulttoavoid,anditisalreadyrecognizedasaseriousstrongcarcinogen.
4.NitrogenDioxide(NO2)
Theconcentrationofnitrogendioxideisrelatedtoindooremissionofairpollutants,ventilationrateandoutdoornitrogendioxideconcentration.Indooremissionofairpollutantsusuallycomesfromkeroseneheaters,un-ventedgasstovesandenvironmentaltobaccosmoke.ThestrongestinfluenceonNO2valuesisthepresenceofagasstoveinthehouse[3].Itisanalyzedthatindoorlivingroomnitrogendioxideconcentrationsareassociatedwithseason,selectedhousingcharacteristics,houselocationandoccupantcharacteristicsthroughlinearregressionanalysisbyCyrusetal,inwhichtheuseofgasforcookingandsmokingisthemajorindoorsourcesofNO2[4].
Bothintheurbandistrictandsuburb,thevalueofsulfurdioxideconcentrationsinwintercouldmeetthestandardvalue(0.50mg/m3)thatlistedintheindoorairqualitystandard(China)formostofthedwellings,andonly7.5%ofthesamplingsexceededtheindoorairqualitystandardforsulfurdioxide.However,higherconcentrationsofsulfurdioxidewereobservedinsummer,and97.5%ofthesamplingsexceededtheindoorairqualitystandardforsulfurdioxide;thereasonwaspossiblyattributedtothefactthatlotsofexhaustgasfrommotorvehiclesandindustrialplantwasdischargedtotheoutdoorair,andsulfurdioxide,asoneofthecomponentoftheexhaustgas,diffusedthroughthedoorsandwindowstothedwellingswithventilationwhentheairtemperaturewashigh,especiallyinsummer[5].
Furthermore,becauseoftheheavytrafficintheurbancenter,sulfurdioxideconcentrationsintheurbandwellingswerehigherthanthoseinthesuburbdwellings,andtrafficwasanimportantfactorthatinfluencedtheindoorairquality[6].
5.VolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs)
VOCsisthegeneraltermforvolatileorganiccompounds,whichisemittedasgasesfromcertainsolidsorliquids,includingaliphatichydrocarbons,halogenatedhydrocarbons,aromatics,alcohols,aldehydes,ketones,carboxylicacids,esters,ethers,terpenecompound
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