医学 考博 写作课程讲义全.docx

医学 考博 写作课程讲义全.docx

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医学考博写作课程讲义全

第一部分医学考博写作简介

摘要写作概况

例句：

随着现代医疗科技的发展，越来越多的疾病找到了治疗方式。

Withthedevelopmentofmodernmedicalscienceandtechnology,surgeons/doctorshavefoundcuresformoreandmorediseases.（正）

Asdeveloppingofmodrenmedicalscienceandtechonlogy,moreandmorediseasesfindcures.（误）

单词的记忆与应用

单词怎么背？

背准单词的四个方面：

1、读音2、外形3、词义4、用练习：

practice

对写作的整体认识

认识两个人：

出题的和改卷的1、出题的：

a.内容：

医学科普文章b.形式c.时间和字数：

50分钟；约200词2、改卷的：

高分策略：

1、字迹清楚；段落明朗2、要点完整；紧扣提纲3、首保正确；再求闪光4、主体段落；先总后分5、语句连贯；连词用上

评分实例

实例一　　Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicItPaystoBeHonest.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:

　　1．当今社会上存在着很多不诚实的现象。

　　2．诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。

1.Inourmodernsociallife,therearemanyexamplesaroundusshowmanypeoplearecheated.Advertisementscheatpeople,salesmencheatpeople,evenone'sclosestfriendscheathimorher.Somanyheartbreaksareheardeverydaythatwecannothelpasking:

whereisourhonestexist?

　　Everybodyistaughthonestintheprimaryschooloreveninthekindergarten.Honestydoesgoodnotonlytoourselves,buttoothersaswell.Ifwearehonesttoothers.Wewillbehappierandbeinabettermood.Otherwise,we'llfeelguiltatlast.Toacompanyanditsadvertisement,honestywillbringitmoreconsumerandmoreprofit.Ifwecheatothers,friendswillneverbelieveyouandtheywillleaveyoualone.Toacompany,noconsumerwillbuyyourproductagain．　　So,astheaboveissaid,itpaystobehonest.Let'screateamorallyoutstandingsocial．（11分）

2.Althoughhonestyisbelievedtobeavirtue,therearestilldishonestpeopleinoursociety.Forexample,somebusinessmensellfakeproducttotheirconsumers;somestudentscheatintheexams．　　Dishonestpeopleareshort-sighted.Thosewhosellfakeproductsmaymakemoneyatfirst,butconsumerswon'tbuytheirproductsanymore.Asaresult,theywilllosetheirfortuneorevenbesenttoprison.Bycontrast,honestpeoplegainalot.Thosewhoalwaystelltruthorkeeptotheirpromisenotonlyletotherstrustthembutgainrespectfromotherpeopleaswell.Suchpersonsaresuretohavealotofgoodfriends.Becausetheyaretrustableandrespectable,everyoneiseagertomakefriendswiththem.Besides,itiseasierforapersonwithagoodrecordtogetagoodjob.Generallyspeaking,everyemployerwantshisemployeestobehonest.Sowecansaythatanyonewhoishonestwillbepaidbacklater．（18分）

3.Withthedevelopmentofmoderneconomicandindustry,competitiveisbecomingmoreandmoreobvious.Atthesametime,theperformanceofdishonestisbecomingmoreandmoreclearly．　　Nowadays,therearemanydishonestperformanceinoursociety.Forexample,somepeoplefoundthathesaledgoodshadpastthepreservationdate.Notthrowthemaway,theyrevisedtheperservationdate,andsatedthemagainafterseveraldays.Anothercaseinthepoint,apairofshoeswasmadefromgoat.However,inordertosaleatahighprice,thesalerswouldsaytheyweremadefromcowwhichhasgoodquality．　　Fromtheforegoing,wecanseethatdishonestdosenotonlyharmtoyourselvesbutalsoharmtoothers.Anditisnouseonlyrealisetheharmnessofdishonest.Weshouldbehonestfromnowonandbehonestinourdailylife.（7分）

第二部分写作常见错误分析

六种易犯错误

4．句子成分缺失

　　Ifworkhard,wewillsurelybesuccessful.

　　EverywherecanfindskyscrapersandflyoversinBeijingtoday.

　　Theapplesfivedollarsperkilo./Thisgirlverybeautiful.

Finally,theservice.Thecanteenworkersaren'tpatientenoughwhenservingus.

（二）动词形式错误　　1．时态错误3．单复数错误1）A/TheWisemanseeksopportunitiesratherthanwaitforthem.

（三）代词错误1）Aslongasoneworkshard,youcanlearnEnglishwell.（四）冠词错误（五）词性错误

错误改正方式

1、老师修改2、自己修改（互相修改）3、跟范文对照4、对译

第四部分句子写作练习

复合句

1．将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为主语从句。

　　1）TheyneedmorehelpinEnglish.　　Thatisquiteobvious.　　2）Sheisstillalive.　　Thatisgoodnews.　　3）Shewillcomehere.　　Itdoesn'tseemlikely.　　4）Wearebadlyinneedofsomething.　　Itisrawmaterial.3．将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为宾语从句，并且用it作形式宾语。

　　1）Iwasfarmoreintelligentthanhewas.　　Ialwaystookthatforgranted.　　2）Youwereunabletoattendourmeeting.　　Weallthoughtthatwasapity.　　3）Youshouldmindyourmanners.　　Weconsiderthatisimportant.　　4）Hewastooilltogoonworking.　　Hedidn'twantthattobeknown.

5．将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为同位语从句。

　　1）Heisgrowingold.　　Nothingcouldhidethefact.　　2）Heworkshard.　　Thefactdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatheisacompetentleader.　　3）Ihaveacomplacentfeeling.　　IfeelthatI'mhighlyintelligent.　　4）Heexplainedthathedidn'tseethenotice.　　Theexplanationisunsatisfactory.

6．将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为定语从句。

　　1）Ihaveanarrangementwithmybank.　　Bythearrangementtheyletmeusetheirmoneyandrepaythemnextmonth.　　2）Hesentheraletter.　　Intheletterhesaidthathewassorryforwhathehaddonetoher.　　3）Mr.BrownjustcamefromBritainyesterday.　　Hewillteachusaccountingthisterm.　　4）SheisgoingtospendthewinterholidaysinHainan.　　Shehassomerelativesthere.7．将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为状语从句。

　（aslongas,onconditionthat,lest,so...that,such...that,incase,asif,nowthat,whether...or,however,）　　1）You'veboughtanewcar.　　Whatareyougoingtodowiththeoldone?

　　2）We'dbettertakethetelescopewithus.　　Perhapsitisneeded.　　3）Wemusthurryoff.　　Otherwise,wemightmissthebus.

复杂的简单句

2．起伴随或补充说明作用的从句、简单句或并列谓语往往可以改写为“with+名词+分词／形容词／介词词组”的结构作状语。

　　1）Theywearlayersofclotheseveninsummertime.Newspapersarestuffedbetweenthelayersasfurtherprotectionagainstbadweather.　　2）Ifmorepeoplehelpthem,theyprobablywillbeabletoaccomplishthetaskaheadoftime.　　3）Asallhissavingsweregone,hestartedtolookforajob.　　4）Inthecornerthereisatable,Oneofitslegsisshorterthantheothers.　　5）Whenthejobwasfinished,wewenttotheseasideforaholiday.1．表示时间、让步或条件的状语从句往往可以改写为介词词组作状语。

　　1）Theylookedbothwaysbeforetheycrossedthestreet.　　2）lmademydecisionafterItalkedtoSirFrancis.　　3）Althoughhewasill,hewasdeterminedtocarryouthisplan.　　4）Althoughthey'reintelligent,theyaren'tdoingwellinschool.　　5）Althoughhe'srich,heisn'tveryhappy.　　6）Ifwehadyoursupport,wemightsucceedinperformingourtask.　　7）Eveniftherewereairandwater,plantsstillcouldn'tgrowonthemoon.

8）Ifyoudon'tworkhard,youwillaccomplishnothing.　　9）Ifithadnotbeenfortheirassistance,hewouldhavefoundhimselfintrouble.3．还有另外一些从句或简单句也可以改写为介词词组作状语。

　　1）Shewon'tgohomeuntilshehastakentheexam.　　2）Becausehehadabadleg,hecouldn'twalkasfastastheothers.　　3）Wearefullawarethatthesituationisserious.　　4）Shehurriedbacktoschoolforfearthatshemisstoomanylessons.　　5）WeshouldnotcriticizeSusanforwhatshehasdone.Instead,weoughttopraiseherforit.6）Dr.WilsondidnotgotoNewYorkyesterdaytoattendhisdaughter'swedding.Heflewto

Floridaforanemergencycase.

4．系表结构的定语从句往往可以改写为直接用形容词、介词词组或分词结构作定语。

　　1）Ilovegirlswhoareintelligent.　　2）Attheparty,Igottoknowaprofessorwhoisinhisthirties.　　3）Ihatetoseelettersthatarewritteninpencil.　　4）Thesubstance,whichwasdiscoveredalmostbyaccident,hasrevolutionizedmedicine.　　5）Amongthosewhoaretakingpartinthework,heisprobablythemostactive.5．两个句子的主语一致时，其中一个往往可以改写成分词结构作状语.　　1）Everyoneofushadbeenconvincedthattheprojectwasfeasiblebythetimeweleftthemeeting.　　2）AsPetergothomefromthethree-month-longjourneytotheAntarctichelookedtiredout.　　3）Teenagersarepressuredbyschoolwork.Theyarealsoencouragedbytheirpeers.　　Undersuchcircumstances,theyresorttosmoking.　4）Collegestudentsnowareprimarilyinterestedingradesandeconomic

success.Theycheatonexamsmorefrequently.

6．两个句子的主语相关但不一致时，其中一个句子往往可以改写成分词的独立结构作状语。

　　1）Hesatinfrontofthem.Andhisdustyfacemaskedhisage.　　2）Sheheardacontinualstrangenoisecomingfromthenextroom.Herheartbeatfast.　　3）Theoldbeggarsatatthecomer.Tearswelledupinhiseyes.　　4）Jimcontinuedonhisway.Thedogwasjumpingaboutinfrontofhim.　　5）Thegirlinthesnapshotworeabroadsmile.Herlonghairflowedinthebreeze.7．解释性的语句往往可以改写成同位语。

　　1）ThisisMr.Black.Heisdirectorofourhospital.　　2）"Leaveittome,"saidPeter.Peterwasthemanonduty.　　3）QinghaiLakeisthelargestinlandbodyofsaltwaterinChina.Itlies3195metersabovesealevel.　　4）Thewholeplanwascompletedwithinthreemonths.Thatishalftheusualtime.　　5）Hereadallkindsofbooks.Theywereancientandmodern,Chineseandforeign.　　6）Hewasformerlyaworkerhimself.Heisnowanengineer.

省略句

英语经常省略与上文相同的内容或虽无其词已有其意的内容。

　　1）Youcandoitthiswayifyoucaretodoit.　　2）Hisfaceistannedandhishandsarebigandstrong.　　3）Fillintheblankswitharticleswherevertheyarenecessary.　　4）Asitwasscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.　　5）Theboylookedasifhewereafraidofnothing.　　6）Whenyouareinneed,don'thesitatetoaskmeformoney.　　7）Whenhewasstillayoungman,hewasappointedtothatposition.倒装句

英语的句子在以下几种情况下可以倒装。

　　1．否定词位于句首时　　1）IhaveneverbeentoEurope.　　2）Hehadhardlyeatenanythingbeforethedinnerwasover.　　3）Shehadscarcelyfallenasleepwhenaknockatthedoorawakenedher.　　4）Annehadarrivednosoonerthanshefellill.　　5）Shecareslittleaboutwhatotherssayabouther.　　2．so,neither,nor等词位于句首，表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时　　1）RichardcanspeakJapanese.HissistercanspeakJapanese,too.　　2）Copperisagoodconductor.Manyothermetalsaregoodconductors,too.　　3）Paulcouldnotdance,andhecouldnotsingeither.　　4）Thehusbandwasnothospitabletothevisitor.Andthewifedidnotsayawordofwelcomeeither.　　3．含有so…that结构的句子将so引导