词汇学 刘森林.docx
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词汇学 刘森林.docx
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词汇学刘森林
I.DefinetheFollowingTerms.
1.Morpheme
Morpheme(语素):
theminimalmeaningfulunit(thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords)
2.allomorph
Allomorph(语素变体):
isadifferentvariantformofamorpheme,differinphonologicalandspellingform,butatthesameinfunctionandmeaning.Oneofthevariantsthatrealizeamorpheme
3.boundmorpheme
BoundMorpheme(粘着语素):
Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitself.
4.freemorpheme
Freemorphemes:
Thosewhichmayoccuralone,thatis,thosewhichmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,arefreemorphemes.
5.Affix
Affixisthecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.
6.inflectionalaffix
Inflectionalaffixes(屈折词缀)(inflectionalmorphemes):
affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional
7.derivationalaffix
Derivationalaffixes(派生词缀)A)prefix:
Aprefixcomesbeforewords.B)suffix
aprefixorsuffixaddedtoarootorstemtoformanotherword,asun-inunread,-nessinlikeness
8.root
Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.
9.stem
Astemisthesurpluspartafterthecuttingofinflectionalmorphemeinawordwithinflectionalmorphemes,canbefurtheranalyzed,itsometimescouldbearoot.
10.Reference
Referenceistheconventionalorarbitraryrelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.Partofthewordmeaningisthereference.
11.Motivation(理据):
Motivationreferstotheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.Mostwordsarenon-motivated.
12.Conceptualmeaning(概念意义):
alsoknownasdenotativemeaning(外延意义)Conceptualmeaningisoftendescribedasdictionarymeaningorliteralmeaningofaword.Itisthecoreofthemeaningofaword.
13.grammaticalmeaning
(语法意义):
indicatethegrammaticalconcept(becomeimportantonlyinactualcontext)Grammaticalmeaningreferstothatpartofmeaningwhichindicatesgrammaticalrelationshipsorfunctions,suchastensemeaning,singularmeaning,etc
14.associativemeaning
Associativemeaning(关联意义):
AccordingtothesemanticanalysisofGeoffreyLeech,theassociativemeaningofanexpressionhastodowithindividualmentalunderstandingsofthespeaker.
15.Hyponymy(上下义关系)
Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Forexample,acatishyponymofanimal
16.stylisticmeaning
Languageusecanbeformal,neutralandcasualinstyle.Thestylisticfeaturesofwords,whichmakewordsappropriateforappropriatesituations,constitutestylisticmeaningsofwords.
17.affectivemeaning
Affectivemeaningreferstothatpartofmeaningwhichconveysemotionsandattitudesofalanguageuser.Sometimesaffectivemeaningsarebroughtoutonlyincontext.
18.collectivemeaning
Collectivemeaningconsistsoftheassociationsawordacquiresonaccountofthemeaningsofwordswhichtendtooccurinitsenvironment.
19.Slang
Slangisthe"languageofahighlycolloquialtype,consideredasbelowthelevelofstandardeducatedspeech,andconsistingeitherofnewwordsorofcurrentwordsusedinsomesocialsense."
20.homophone同音异义词
Ahomophoneisawordthatispronouncedthesameasanotherwordbutdiffersinmeaning
21.WhichofthefollowingisNOTarhetoricalfeatureofidioms?
D
A.Phoneticmanipulation.B.Lexicalmanipulation.
C.Figuresofspeech.D.Phrasalverbs.
22.Thesentence“IlikeMarybetterthanyou.”isambiguousdueto____C__.
A.extra-linguisticcontextB.lexicalcontext
C.grammaticalcontextD.homonymy
23.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneoftheobviouscharacteristicsofthebasicwordstock?
C
A..Creativity.B.Stability.
C.Duality.D.Allnationalcharacter.
24.Synonymscanbeclassifiedintotwomajorgroups,thatis:
(A )
A.absoluteandrelativeB.absoluteandcomplete
C.relativeandnearD.completeandidentical
25.IntheearlyperiodofMiddleEnglish,English,_D________existedsidebyside.
A.CelticandDanish B.DanishandFrench
C.LatinandCelticD.FrenchandLatin
26.Amonomorphemicwordisawordthatconsistsofasingle( C )morpheme.
A.formalB.concrete
C.freeD.Bound
27.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanacronym?
( B )
A.TOEFLB.ODYSSEY
C.BASICD.CCTV
28.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthemainsourcesofnewwords?
B
A.Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology.
B.Geographicalandpoliticalchanges.
C.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.
D.Socialandeconomicchanges.
29.Neologismsarenewly-createdwordsorexpressions.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanexampleofneologisms?
B
A.SARS.B.Can-opener.
C.Futurology.D.Freakout.
30.ThewrittenformofEnglishisa(an)____C_______representationofthespokenform.
A.selectiveB.adequate
C.imperfectD.natural
MatchthewordsorexpressionsinColumnAwiththoseinColumnBaccordingto1)meaningofprefixes;2)typeofwordformations;3)typesofmeaningchangesand4)typesofidioms.
AB
( J )31.Ultr-A.backformation
( A )32.burgleB.initialism
( H )33.popC.transferofsensation
( C )34.clear-soundingD.before
( B )35.VOAE.brim(water’sedge—thetopedgeofacup)
( D )36.fore-F.mistress
( F )37.degradationG.succeed
( I )38.kickthebucketH.clipping
( E )39.extensionI.die
( G )40.makeitJ.extreme
41.Whatislexicaltaxonomy词汇分类结构?
Illustrateyourpointswithexamples.
Lexicaltaxonomyisaclassifiedstructureformedbydifferentleveloftypesoflexicon.Therelationbetweendifferenttypesoflexiconsistaxonomy.Inthetaxonomyrelations,thelexiconcontainsanarrowtypeistaxonyms,whilethelexiconcontainsawidetypeonasuperiorlevelissuperordinate.Thelexiconsinthesamelevelareco-taxonyms,therelationbetweenwhichiscalledco-taxonymy.
Taxonomydenotesarelationofbelonging:
Xisakind/type/tokenofY.Inthiscase,Xrepresentsthetaxonyms,Yrepresentssuperodinated.
Forexamples:
horseisakindofanimal;
Carrotisakindofvegetable;
Chairisakindoffurniture;
Hammerandsawsarekindoftools;
Usually,thetypesintaxonomyrelationsarewiderthanthebreeds:
animal>horse,vegetable>carrot,etc.
42.Whatisameliorationofmeaning?
Whatisdegradationofmeaning?
Illustrateyourpointswithexamples.
(1)Elevationorameliorationofmeaning词义的升华:
theprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumble(粗陋的)beginningstopositionsofimportance.
[eg:
knight(old)servant(el)rankbelowbaronet从男爵]
(2)ElevationofMeaning(oramelioration)(词义的升格)
Itreferstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionsofimportance.
e.g.marshal:
aservantwholooksaftermares/keeperofhorse
minister:
servant
nice:
ignorant,foolish
(3)DegradationofMeaning(ordegeneration)(词义的降格)
Itisaprocesswherebynon-affectivewordscometobeusedinderogatorysense.itismuchmorecommonforwordmeaningstochangeindenotationfromneutraltopejorativethanitisforthemtogotheotherway.
e.g.sad:
calm,serious--------sorryful
cunning:
knowingaskillful--------gossip,crafty.
wench:
girl,youngwoman--------aloosewoman,prostitute
boor:
peasant--------ill-manneredperson
fond:
foolish
43.Whatistransferredepithet转移修饰词?
Illustrateitwithexamples.
Anepithetisanadjective(orphrasecontaininganadjective)oradverbwhichmodifies(describes)anoun.Forinstance,in"dreamlesssleep",dreamlessistheepithet.
Inatransferredepithet(alsoknownashypallage;literally"echange")theadjectiveoradverbistransferredfromthenounitlogicallybelongswith,toanotheronewhichfitsitgrammaticallybutnotlogically.Soin"dreamlessnight",dreamlessisatransferredepithet.Theexactmeaningofthesentenceis"nightwhenI(orwhoever)sleptwithoutdreaming,"sinceanightcan'tactuallydreamanyway.
Weusetransferredepithetsallthetime.Anotherexamplecouldbe"Ihadaterribleday.""Terrible"isatransferredepithet,becauseitwasn'tthedaythatwasterrible,onlythethingsthathappenedtomeonthatday.Amorepoeticexamplewouldbe"alongandwearyroad"-longcanapplylogicallytotheroad,butnotweary–sowearyisatransferredepithet
44.Whatissynaesthesia?
Illustrateitwithexamples.
Synaesthesiaisajoiningtogetherofsensationsthatarenormallyexperiencedseparately.
Synesthesiacanoccurbetweennearlyanytwosensesorperceptualmodes,andatleastonesynestheteexperiencedsynesthesiathatlinkedallfivesenses.Giventhelargenumberofformsofsynesthesia,researchershaveadoptedaconventionofindicatingthetypeofsynesthesiabyusingthefollowingnotationx→y,wherexisthe"inducer"ortriggerexperience,andyisthe"concurrent"oradditionalexperience.Forexample,perceivinglettersandnumbers(collectivelycalledgraphemes)ascoloredwouldbeindicatedasgrapheme→colorsynesthesia(e.g.,Aislikelytobered).Inspatial-sequence,ornumberformsynesthesia,numbers,monthsoftheyear,and/ordaysoftheweekelicitpreciselocationsinspace(forexample,1980maybe"fartheraway"than1990),ormayhavea(three-dimensional)viewofayearasamap(clockwiseorcounterclockwise)
V.StatetheglocalizationofEnglishlanguage
Glocalisation(orglocalization)isacompoundwordofglobalizationandlocalization.Bydefinition,theterm“glocal”referstotheindividual,group,division,unit,organisation,andcommunitywhichiswillingandableto“thinkgloballyandactlocally.”
GlocalizationAcombinationofthewords“globalization”and“local,”whichsugges
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