语言学复习范围.docx
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语言学复习范围.docx
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语言学复习范围
I.Directions:
Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly.
1.Clear[1]anddark[ł]areallophonesofthesameonephoneme/1/.Theynevertakethesamepositioninsoundcombinations,thustheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.(P24)
2.Morphemesarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsofmeaning,wordsarethesmallestfreeformfoundinlanguage.(P32)
3.Consonantsoundscanbeeither voicelessorvoiced,whileallvowelsoundsarevoiced.(P16)
4.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledtheCooperative principleproposedbyJ.Grice.(P86-87)
5. Languageexistsintimeandchangesthroughtime.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.(P4)
6. Anessentialdifferencebetweenconsonantsandvowelsiswhethertheairstreamcomingupfromthelungsmeetswithanyobstructionwhenasoundisproduced.(P18)
7. XPmaycontainmorethanjustX.Forexample,theNP“theboywholikesthispuppy”consistsofDet,NandS,withDetbeingthespecifier,NtheheadandSthecomplement.(P46)
9. Whilethemeaningofasentenceisabstractandde-contextualized,thatofanutteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.(P79)
11.Psycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology.Itaimstoanswersuchquestionsashowthehumanmindworkswhenpeopleuselanguage…(P3)
12.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.(P4)
13.Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,thereisastructureofmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbecombinedintoalargenumberofmeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdesignfeatureiscalleddualityordoublearticulation.(P9)
14.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingiscontainedinthreeimportantareas:
thepharyngealcavity—thethroat,theoralcavity—themouth,andthenasalcavity—thenose.(P15)
16.Suprasegmentalfeaturessuchasstress,toneandintonationcaninfluencetheinterpretationofmeaning,thatis,theycandistinguishmeaning.(P27)
18.Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.(P69)
19.Thethreebranchesofphoneticsarelabeledarticulatoryphonetics,auditoryphoneticsandacousticphoneticsrespectively.(P15)
21. Syntax_isabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.(P42)
22. Thenoun“tear”andtheverb“tear”arehomonymys.(P69)
23.Speechacttheoryisanimportanttheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage.Itaimstoanswerthequestion“Whatdowedowhenusinglanguage?
”(P80)
24.Themodernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive,notprescriptive,anditsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedata.(P3)
25.Languereferstothelanguagesystemsharedbyacommunityofspeakerwhileparolecontrastedwithlangueinthatitistheconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationsbyanindividualspeaker.(P4-5)
26.Insemantictriangle,therelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect,anditismediatedbyconceptinthemind.(P63)
27.Twowaystotranscribespeechsoundsarenowavailable:
narrowtranscriptionandbroadtranscription.(P17)
28.Inthecooperativeprinciple,Griceintroducedfourcategoriesofmaxims.Theyaremaximofquality,maximofquantity,maximofrelationandmaximofmanner.(P87)
29.Pragmaticsisthestudyoflanguageinuse.(P77-78)
30.Historicallinguistics,asabranchoflinguistics,ismainlyconcernedwithboththedescriptionandexplanationoflanguagechangesthatoccurredovertime.(P93)
31.Grammaticalorfunctionalwordssuchasconjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronounsareclosedclasswordswhilecontentwordssuchasnouns,verbsadjectivesandadverbsarecalledopenclasswords.(P32)
32.Wordsmayshiftfromonepartofthespeechtoanotherwithouttheadditionofaffixes,whichisalsocalledconversion.(P100)
33.Whilecomponentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning,predicationanalysisisawaytoanalyzesentencemeaning.(P72-73)
II.Directions:
Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.
(T)1.Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenwordsandwhatthesewordsactuallyreferto.
(T)2.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,andyetthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.
(T)3.Twopeoplewhoarebornandbroughtupinthesametownandspeakthesameregionaldialectmayspeakdifferentlybecauseofanumberofsocialfactors.
(T)4.Inmodernlinguisticstudies,thespokenformoflanguageisgivenmoreemphasisthanthewrittenformforanumberofreasons.
(F)5.Thecompoundword“reading-room”istheplacewhereapersoncanreadbooks.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompoundisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents.
(T)6.OnlywhenamaximunderCooperativePrincipleisblatantlyviolatedandthehearerknowsthatitisbeingviolateddoconversationalimplicaturesarise.
(T)7.InEnglish,longvowelsarealsotensevowelsbecausewhenwepronouncealongvowelsuchas/i:
/,thelarynxisinastateoftension.
(T)8.Animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoflanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethe“bestauthors”forlanguageusage.
(F)9.Theopen-classwordsincludeprepositions.
(T)10.Accordingtosemantictriangle,thereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreferent,i.e.betweenawordandathingitrefersto.
(T)11.Therelationshipof“flower”,“violet”,“rose”and“tulip”ishyponymy.
(F)12.Onlywordsofthesamepartsofspeechcanbecombinedtoformcompounds.(eg.sunrise)
(T)13.Linguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzedintheirinvestigation.
(F)14.Theconclusionswereachaboutthephonologyofonelanguagecanbegeneralizedintothestudyofanotherlanguage.
(F)15.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespeciallyimportantinEnglishbecauseEnglish,unlikeChinese,isatypicaltonelanguage.
(F)16.Whenwethinkofaconcept,weactuallytrytoseetheimageofsomethinginourmind’seyeeverytimewecomeacrossalinguisticsymbol.
(F)17.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.Forexample,“Goodmorning!
”canberestoredto“Iwishyouagoodmorning.”
(T)18.Anychildwhoiscapableofacquiringsomeparticularhumanlanguageiscapableofacquiringanyhumanlanguagespontaneouslyandeffortlessly.
(F)19.AccordingtoN.Chomsky,“competence”istheactualrealizationofhisknowledgeinutterance.
(F)20.TheEnglishspellingexactlyrepresentsitspronunciation.
(F)21.Allthegrammaticallywell-formedsentencesaresemanticallywell-formed.
(T)22.Pragmaticsstudiestheaspectofmeaningthatisnotaccountedforbysemantics.
(F) 23.Anillocutionaryactistheconsequenceoforthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.
(T)24.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
(T)25.Thewritingsystemofalanguageisalwaysalaterinventionusedtorecordspeech;thustherearestillmanylanguagesintoday’sworldthatcanonlybespoken,butnotwritten.
(F)26.InclassifyingtheEnglishconsonantsandvowels,thesamecriteriacanbeapplied.
(F)27.Parolereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.
(T)28.Conversationalimplicatureisakindofimpliedmeaning,deducedonthebasisoftheconventionalmeaningofwordstogetherwiththecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims.
(F)29.Pragmaticfailuremayoccurincross-culturalcommunication,i.e.betweenspeakersofdifferentculturalbackgrounds,butnotoccurinintra-culturalcommunicationi.e.betweenspeakersofthesameculturalbackground.
(T)30.Senseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofmeaning.
III.Directions:
Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustrationwhennecessary.
1.diachroniclinguistics
Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageoveraperiodoftime,alsoknownashistoricallinguistics,e.g.thestudyoftheChineselanguagesincetheendoftheQingdynastyuptothepresent.
2.synchroniclinguistics
Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageatoneparticularpointoftime,e.g.thestudyofthekindofEnglishusedduringShakespeare’stime.
3.Language
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
4.context
Contextisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.
5.blending
Aprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwords.E.g.smog---smoke+fog.
6.reference
Referenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandthereality.
7.broadtranscription
Broadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithlettersymbolsonly.Itisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooks.
8.aminimalpair
Apairofsoundcombinationswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptonesound
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