翻译研究笔记 重要.docx
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翻译研究笔记 重要.docx
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翻译研究笔记重要
Chapter1:
Mainissuesoftranslationstudies:
1.Jacobson’scategoriesoftranslation:
a.Intralingual;
b.Interlingual;
c.Intersemiotic(verbal-non-verbal).
2.Historyofthediscipline:
a.Fromthelate18thtothe1960s–grammar-translationmethod(replacedbycommunicativeapproachinthe1960sand1970s);
b.TheUSA1960s–translationworkshopconceptbasedonRichards’readingworkshopsandpracticalcriticismapproachthatbeganin1920s;runningparalleltothisapproachwasthatofcomparativeliterature;
c.TheUSA1930s-1960s/70s–contrastiveanalysis;
d.Moresystematic,andmostlylinguistic-oriented,approach1950s-1960s:
i.J.-P.VinayandJ.Darbelnet(French/English);
ii.A.Malblanc(French/German);
iii.G.Mounin(linguisticissuesoftranslation);
iv.E.Nida(basedonChomskygenerativegrammar).
v.JamesS.Holmes’“Thenameandnatureoftranslationstudies”isconsideredtobethefoundingstatementofanewdiscipline.
vi.HermansManipulationSchool
vii.VieiraBraziliancannibalistschoolPostcolonialtheory
viii.Venuticultural-studies-orientedanalysis
TheHolmes/Tourymapoftranslationstudies1:
Translationstudies:
1Pure
a)Theoretical(translationtheory)
i)General
ii)Partial
(1)Mediumrestricted
(a)Bymachine:
Alone/Withhumanaid
(b)Byhumans:
Written/Spoken:
consecutive/simultaneous
(2)Arearestricted(specificlanguages)
(3)Rankrestricted(word/sentence/text)
(4)Text-typerestricted(genres:
literary,business,technicaltranslations)
(5)Timerestricted(periods)
(6)Problemrestricted(specificproblemse.g.equivalence)
b)Descriptive(DTS)
i)Productoriented(examinesexistingtranslations)
ii)Processoriented(whathappensinthemindofatranslator)
iii)Functionoriented(astudyofcontext/socio-translationstudies/cultural-studies-orientedtranslation)
2Applied
a)Translatortraining
i)Teachingevaluationmethods
ii)Testingtechniques
iii)Curriculumdesignb)Translationaids
i)ITapplications
(1)translationsoftware
(2)on-linedatabases
(3)useofinternet
ii)Dictionaries
iii)Grammars
c)Translationcriticism
i)Evaluationoftranslations
ii)Revisionofstudentstranslations
iii)Reviewsofpublishedtranslations
Chapter2:
Translationtheorybeforethe20thcentury:
Literal
Free
Adaptation
Upuntilthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury
steriledebateoverthetriadofliteral,freeandfaithfultranslation
1stcent.BC
Cicero1西赛罗
Interpreter
他坚持他是以演说家而不是以解释者来翻译的。
他倡导意译
Orator
4thcentury
StJerome哲罗姆
Word-for-word
他采取意译而不是直译的翻译方法
Sense-for-sense
Ancient
China
750-1250
Baghdad
Morethan1000yearsafterStJerome
Westernsociety
Heretical(EtienneDolet)
TheFrenchhumanist,whowasburntin1546
EtienneDolet多雷
Avoid
他提出了翻译五原则
16thcentury
MartinLuther马丁路德
通过翻译将精英通俗化
everydayspeechstyle
Before17thcentury
Fidelity
Truth
Letter
Spirit
From17thcentury
17thcenturyEngland
Cowley
Imitation
17thcenturyEngland
JohnDryden约翰德莱顿
Metaphrase
提出了翻译三分法:
逐字对译,活译,拟作
Paraphrase
Imitation
18thcenturyEngland
A.F.Tytler亚历山大泰特勒
Adopttheverysouloftheauthor(spirit)
19thcentury
Schleiermacher(dividedtextsintobusinessandphilosophical)施莱尔马赫
Thereadertowardthewriter(alienating;foreignization–Venuti)提倡保留原作的原味
Thewritertowardthereader(naturalizing;domestication-Venuti)
19th-early20thcent.Britain
F.Newman弗朗西斯纽曼
强调原作的异味
forawideaudience
M.Arnold马修阿诺德
forelite提倡透明的翻译方法
Throughoutthecenturiesdebateonformvs.contentoccurred.
Traduttore,traditore=thetranslatorisatraitor
Chapter3:
Equivalenceandequivalenteffect:
Inthe1950sand1960stheplaceofcirculardebatesaroundliteralandfreetranslationtookthenewdebaterevolvedaroundcertainkeylinguisticissues,amongthemthoseofmeaningandequivalence,discussedbyR.Jakobsonin1959.Overthefollowing20yearsmanyfurtherattemptsweremadetodefinethenatureofequivalence.
Jakobson:
1.Meaning:
thesignifier=thesignalofthesignified(theconcept).
2.Thereisnofullequivalencebetweencode-unitsofdifferentlanguages.
3.So,weshouldsubstitutenotwords,butmessages.
4.Onlypoetryisconsidered‘untranslatable’andrequires‘creativetransposition’.
Nida’s‘scienceoftranslating(subjective):
1.Meaning:
a.Linguistic;
b.Referential(dictionarymeaning);
c.Emotive(connotative).
2.Waysofdeterminingmeaning:
a.Hierarchicalstructuring(animalàdog,cowetc);
b.Componentialanalysis(grandmother,mother,cousinetc);
c.Semanticstructureanalysis(spiritcanmeandemon,angel,god,ghost,ethos,alcoholetc)àmeaningdependingoncontext.
3.3-stagesystemoftranslation(Chomsky’sinfluence:
deep/surfacestructureofalanguage):
SL1à(analysis)àXà(transfer)àYà(restructuring)àTL2
4.Equivalence:
a.Formal(formandcontent);
b.Dynamic(equivalentresponseof:
t2readeront2ast1readeront1)(closestnaturalequivalent).
5.Correspondenceinmeaningmusthavepriorityovercorrespondenceinstyle.
6.Reader-basedorientation.
主要理论1:
对等和等效(1950s-1960s)
1.代表人物
(1)罗曼雅各布逊
A.描写了翻译的三类型:
语内翻译,语际翻译和符际翻译
B.提出语际翻译指用一种语言替换另一种语言种的整个信息
C.强调对等的差异性
(2)尤金奈达
A.提出形式对等和动态对等
B.提出著名的读者反应理论
C.他的理论以乔姆斯基的转换生成语法为基础
(3)皮特纽马克
A.提出语义对等和交际对等
(4)韦内科勒
A.区分了对应和对等
B.描写了五种对等:
外延意义,隐含意义,文本规则,语用及形式对
等
Newmark’ssemanticandcommunicativetranslation:
1.ReplacesNida’sdivisionwithsemantic(resemblesformalequivalence)andcommunicative(resemblesdynamicequivalence)translation.
2.Nida’sdivisioninoperantifthetextisoutofTLspaceandtime.
3.Dynamicequivalence:
arereaders‘tobehandedeverythingonaplate’?
4.Semantictranslationdiffersfromliteralinthatit‘respectscontext’,interpretsandexplains(metaphors).Literaltranslationistobethebestapproachinbothsemanticandcommunicativetranslation.Ifsemantictranslationwouldresultinan‘abnormal’TTorwouldnotsecureequivalenteffectintheTL,thencommunicativetranslationshouldwinout.
Tertiumcomparationis,aninvariantagainstwhich2textsegmentscanbemeasuredtodeterminevariation.
Chapter4:
Thetranslationshiftapproach:
1.VinayandDarbelnet’staxonomy:
a)Direct(=literal)translation:
(1).Borrowing
(2).Calque
(3).literaltranslation(word-for-word)
b).Obliquetranslation:
(4).Transposition
(5).modulation6
(6)..equivalence
(7).adaptation
c)The7categoriesoperateon3levels:
1.thelexicon
2.2.syntacticstructures
3.3.themessage9context)
4.4.wordorderandthematicstructure
5.5.connectors[cohesivelinks,discoursemarkers,deixis(pronounsanddemonstrativepronouns)andpunctuation]
d)2possibilities:
1.servitude(obligatory4and5)
2.2.option(non-obligatory)
2.Catford’slinguisticapproach(shifts)
a.Distinctionbetween:
formalcorrespondence(aparticularST-TTpair)andtextualequivalence(apairoflgs).
b.Whenthe2conceptsdiverge,atranslationshiftoccurs–adeparturefromformalcorrespondenceintheprocessofgoingfromtheSLtotheTL.Thereare2kindsofshift:
1.Alevelshift(sthisexpressedbygrammarinonelgandbylexisinanother)
2.Acategoryshift:
i.Structuralshifts;ii.Classshifts(wordcategory);iii.Unit/rankshifts(sentence,clause,group,word,morpheme);iv.Intra-systemshifts(systemsaresimilar,butnotalwayscorresponding).
3.vanLeuven-Zwart’smicrolevel/macrolevertranslationshifts:
a.Thecomparativemodel(adetailedcomparisonofSTandTTandclassificationofallthemicrostructuralshiftswithinsentences,clausesandphrases);
b.Thedescriptivemodel(amacrostructuralmodel,designedfortheanalysisoftranslatedliterature)
Chapter5:
Functionaltheoriesoftranslation:
K.Reiss’stexttypes
Nordaddsto3typesoflanguagefunctionafourth‘phatic’function,coveringlgthatestablishesormaintainscontactbetweenpartiesinvolvedinthecommunication(e.g.greetings).
Holz-Manttari’stranslationalactionmodelfornon-literarytranslationswith
1.itsrolesandplayers:
aTheinitiator;
bb.Thecommissioner(contactsthetranslator);c.TheSTproducer;d.TheTTproducer;e.TheTTuser;f.TheTTreceiver.
2.Content:
aFactualinformation;b.Overallcommunicativestrategy.
3.Form:
a.Terminology;b.Cohesiveelements.
J.Vermeer’sskopostheory:
knowingthepurposeandthefunctionoftranslationiscrucial(adequacyoverequivalence).
Ch.Nord’stranslation-orientedtextanalysis:
1.2kindsoftranslation:
a.Documentarytranslation
(a)readerknowsthathe’sreadingatranslation;
(b)Instrumentaltranslation(areaderdoesn’tknowthat).
2.3aspectsoffunctionalistapproachesparticularlyusefulintranslatortraining:
a)Theimportanceofthetranslationcommission;
b)TheroleofSTanalysis;
c)Thefunctionalhierarchyoftranslationproblems
Chapter6:
Discourseandregisterapproaches:
Halliday’smodeloflanguageanddiscoursebasedonsystemicfunctionalgrammar(lg=communication):
Influence:
House’smodeloftranslationqualityassessment:
1.
Schemeforanalyzingandcomparingoriginalandtranslationtexts:
Translation:
a.Overt;b.Covert.
Baker’stextandpragmaticlevelanalysis:
1.Textualfunction2.Cohesion3.Pragmatics:
a.Coherence(dependsonreceiver’sexpectationsandexperienceoftheworld);b.Presupposition(whatthespeakersupposesalistenershouldknow);c.Implicature(whatthespeakerimplies).
HatimandMason’ssemioticlevelofcontextanddiscourse:
Textelements:
1.Stable(translatedfairlyliterally);2.Dynamic(not).
Chapter7:
Systemstheories:
脚注:
1.Whatisbeingwrittenabout.
2.Whoiscommunicati
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