Feminism 女性主义汇总.docx
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Feminism 女性主义汇总.docx
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Feminism女性主义汇总
Feminism
Therootsoffeminism:
callsforthedignity,intelligenceandbasichumanpotentialofthefemalesex.
Feministmovement:
19thcentury
Feministcriticism:
Asadistinctiveandconcertedapproachtoliterature,feministcriticismwasnotinaugurateduntillateinthe1960s.Examineswaysinwhichliteraturereinforcesorunderminestheoppressionofwomen,economically,socially,politically,psychologically.However,behinditlietwocenturiesofstrugglefortherecognitionofwomen’sculturalrolesandachievements,andforwomen’ssocialandpoliticalrights.Muchoffeministliterarycriticismiscorrelatedwiththemovementbypoliticalfeministsforsocial,legal,andculturalfreedomandequality.
MaryWollstonecraft(1759-1797)
AVindicationoftheRightsofWoman(1792).Followupherearlierbook,AVindicationoftheRightsofMan.Focusonthemoraldemandofequality,especiallyineducation.Firstattributionofgenderdifferencestosocialization
JohnStuartMill(1806-1873)
TheSubjectionofWomen(1869)Focusedonestablishingarighttovoteandtoholdpoliticaloffice.Muchofthebookwasdedicatedtounderminingpopularstereotypesofwomenthatwereusedtojustifypoliticalexclusion.
JohnStuartMillandHarrietTaylor(1807-1858)
TheEnfranchisementofWomen(1851).OriginallywrittenbyTaylor,laterrepublishedwithessayswrittenbyherandMill.Alsofocusonarguingforpoliticalenfranchisementforwomen.Addedessaysinlateradditionsarguedforwomen’srighttosuefordivorce
Feminism:
itcanbedefinedasarecognitionandcritiqueofmalesupremacycombinedwitheffortstochangeit.Thegoalsoffeminismaretodemonstratetheimportanceofwomen,torevealthathistoricallywomenhavebeensubordinatetomen,tobringaboutgenderequity.
TraditionalGenderRoles
Patriarchy:
Anyculturethatprivilegesmenbypromotingtraditionalgenderroles.
Men:
Rational/Strong/Protective/Decisive
Women:
Emotional(irrational)/Weak/Nurturing/Submissive
Theinferiorpositionlongoccupiedbywomeninapatriarchalsocietyhasbeenculturally,notbiologically,produced.Patriarchalgenderrolesaredestructiveformenaswellaswomen.Traditionalgenderrolesdictatethatmenaresupposedtobestrong(physicallypowerful,emotionallystoic).Menarenotsupposedtocry(consideredasignofweakness),unmanlytoshowfearorpain,shouldn’texpresssympathyforothermen.Inapatriarchy,everythingthatconcernsmenusuallyimpliessomething(usuallynegative)aboutwomen.Allbehaviorsforbiddentomenareconsidered“womanish”(inferior,beneathdignityofmanhood).Men/boyswhocrylabeledas“sissies”(cowardly,feminine)
DorisLessing:
AWomanonaRoof
Plot:
ThestoryhappenedinLondonwhereawomanworearedscarftiedaroundherbreastsandbriefredbikinipantsontherooftohaveasunbath.Andthreemenontheroofwereseduced.Theytriedanymethodtodrawwoman’sattention,butwomanrespondedindifferentlyandcoolly.
Theme1.Theconflictbetweenthetwogenders
Allthreemensharethedesiretogetthiswoman’sattention.Workingonarooftopofablockofflatsinthehot,hot,sun,thesemenseekadiversionfromtherelentlessheat.Theywhistle,yell,andwaveatanearnakedwomanonarooftopnearby,butthewomanpaysnomindtothem.Theirisolationontherooftopandthewoman’srelentlessindignationfuelsthemen’sdecentintoaworldoflewdbehavior,therebycreatinganatmosphereofharassmentandrejection.Theybecome"taunted"bythiswoman’sindifferencetowardsthem.Allthreemenhavedistinctlydifferentattitudestowardsthesituationtheyhavecreated.Eachhasexperiencedrejectionfromwomen.Infact,eachdisplaysalevelofhardnessthataffectshisattitude.Theyeachreactdifferentlytothewoman’sindifferenceandeachtakehiseffortstodifferentlevels.
Tom,theyoungest,representsaprimarylevel,amanuntouchedbyrejection.Stanley,theinstigator,clearlyatasecondaryleveltoTom,showsamanslightlytouchedbyrejection.Stanleyhatestheblowsofrejectiontohismanhood.Harry,ontheotherhand,representsafinallevelwhereheconsidersthewoman’spresencetrivial.Heislongsincemarriedandpossiblyhassufferedmanyindignitieswithregardstothescowlsofwomen.
Theme2:
thewarofclassdifference
“AWomanonaRoof”isnotjustabouttheconflictbetweenbothgenders,butthewarofclassdifferences.Theheroinesunbathingandtheheroesofthreeworkmenindifferentagessharethesamehotsunbutlivetotallydifferentlives.Althoughthetwoclassesdon’tsharetheequalstatusesofsociety,thatcan’thalttheaspirationoflowerclassforabetterandmoredignifiedlife.
The“fiftyyards”reflecttheclassdifference.Besides,thelifethewomanspentwasinanidlewaylyinginthesunforahealthycolorofskinwhilethethreeworkingmenhavetoreplaceguttersonaroofinthesunforsupportingtheirlives.Sothesunishelpfultotheformerclass,butcrueltothelaterclass.Themenwerestungatbeingdismissedbyadesirableyoungwoman——herindifferencehitattheirmalepride,leavingthemfeelingpowerless.Chancesarethatsheignoredthembecausetheywereworkingmen.
GoalofFeminism
Therefore,feminism’sgoalistochangethesedegradingviewsofwomensothatallwomenwillrealizetheyarenotan“insignificantother”andwillrealizethateachwomanisavaluablepersonpossessingthesameprivilegesandrightsaseveryman.
WavesofFeminism(3wavesoffeminism)
FirstWave–Inthe1830s,themainissueswereabolitionofslaveryandwomen’srights.1848–Women’sRightsConventionheldinSenecaFalls,NY.1920–The19thAmendmentguaranteedwomentherighttovote.
SecondWave–Intheyears,1966-1979,therewasheightenedfeministconsciousness.ThemovementwaslinkedtotheCivilRightsmovementbeguninthelate’50s.Keyissues:
antidiscriminationpoliciesandequalprivileges.
ThirdWave–mid-90s,post-colonialandpost-modernthinking
VirginiaWoolf
ARoomofOne’sOwn(1919)Declaresmenhaveandcontinuetotreatwomenasinferiors.Themaledefineswhatmeanstobefemaleisandcontrolsthepolitical,economic,socialandliterarystructures.Thiskindoflossofartistictalentandpersonalworthinessisthedirectresultofsociety’sopinionofwomen:
theyareintellectuallyinferiortomen.Womenmustrejectthissocialconstructandestablishtheirownidentity.Womenmustchallengetheprevailing,falseculturalnotionsabouttheirgenderidentityanddevelopafemalediscoursethatwillaccuratelyportraytheirrelationship“totheworldofrealityandnottotheworldofmen.”
Roombecomesanimportantsymbol.
DorisLessing:
ToRoom19房子:
女性的空间焦虑:
赵晶辉
SimonedeBeauvior
TheSecondSex(1949)“foundationalworkof20thcenturyfeminism”DeclaresthatFrenchsociety(andWesternsocietiesingeneral)arePATRIARCHAL,controlledbymales.LikeWoolf,believedthatthemaledefineswhatitmeanstobehuman,including,therefore,whatitmeanstobefemale.Sincethefemaleisnotthemale,shebecomestheother,findingherselfanonexistentplayerinthemajorsocialinstitutionsofherculture.
Church/Government/Educationalsystems
Womanmustbreakthebondsofherpatriarchalsocietyanddefineherselfifshewishestobecomeasignificanthumanbeinginherownrightanddefymaleclassificationastheother.Answermustnotbe“mankind”(genericlabelallowsmentodefinewomenasrelativetohim,notasherself.)
KateMillet
SexualPolitics(1970)challengesthesocialideologicalcharacteristicsofboththemaleandthefemale.“Afemaleisbornbutawomaniscreated.”One’ssexisdeterminedatbirth(maleorfemale).One’sgenderisasocialconstructcreatedbyculturalidealsandnorms(masculineorfeminine).Challengethesocialideologicalcharacteristicsofboththemaleandthefemale.
Womenandmen(consciouslyandunconsciously)conformtotheculturalideasestablishedforthembysociety.Culturalnormsandexpectationsaretransmittedthroughmedia:
television,movies,songs,andliterature.Boysmustbeaggressive,self-assertive,domineering.Girlsmustbepassive,meek,andhumble
Womenmustrevoltagainstthepowercenteroftheirculture:
maledominance.Womenmustestablishfemalesocialconventionsforthemselvesbyestablishingandarticulatingfemalediscourse,literarystudies,andfeministtheory.
HistoryofFeministCriticism
Criticismofthe1980s
ElaineShowalter:
ALiteratureofTheirOwn(1977)
Chroniclesthreehistoricalorevolutionaryphasesoffemalewriting:
Femininephase(1840-1880):
Writersacceptedtheirroleasfemalewriters.Theywroteunderpseudonyms.CharlotteBronte/GeorgeEliot/GeorgeSand
Feministphase(1880-1920):
Femaleauthorsdramatizedtheplightofthe“slighted”woman.Depictedtheharshorcrueltreatmentoffemalecharacters
Femalephase(1970-present):
Feministcriticsnowconcernthemselveswithdevelopingaparticularlyfemaleunderstandingofthefemaleexperiencesinarts,includingafeminineanalysisofliteraryformsandtechniques.Uncoveringofmisogynyinmaletexts
FeministCriticism
ElaineShowaltercoinedtermgynocriticsorgynocriticism(女性批评):
processof“constructingafemaleframeworkforanalysisofwomen’sliteraturetodevelopnewmodelsbasedonthestudyoffemaleexperience,ratherthantoadapttomalemodelsandtheories.”
Gynocriticism:
Labelgiventothestudyofwomenaswriters.Subjectsitdealswith:
thehistory,style,themes,genres,andstructuresofwritingsbywomen.Hasprovidedcriticswithfourmodelsthataddressthenatureofwomen’swriting(Thebiological/Thelinguistic/Thepsychoanalytic/Thecultural)
StereotypicalCriticism
(Sandra)Gilbert&(S
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