雅思真题.docx
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雅思真题.docx
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雅思真题
IELTSEXAMINATION
LISTENING
READING
Section1
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonquestions1-15,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.
Sharks
——FaceExtinction——
ProfessorRobertLaw,headofMarineBiologicalLtd,whichmonitorstheoceanenvironment,andaleadinggovernmentaladvisoronmarinepollution,isclaimingtodaythatsharksareindangerofextinction.ProfessorLaw'smainpointisthatworldwidethenumberofsharksofmostspeciesisdroppingrapidly.Exactfiguresabouttheseelusivecreaturesarehardtocomeby,butthegeneralconsensusisthatcertainkindsofsharkpopulationhavedecreasedbyupto75%inthelast30years.
Thegreatwhiteandtigersharkshaveseenthegreatestdropinnumbers,downbyasmuchas90%from20yearsago.Smallersharksarealsounderthreat-thepopulationsofmakos,hammerheads,evencommondogfisharebeingdecimated.EstimatessuggestthatBritishdogfishnumbershavehalvedinthelastdecadealone.
Andthisdeclineisworldwide.ThebigsharkscongregatemainlyinthewarmerwatersofthePacificandCaribbean,butcoldwaterareassuchastheAtlanticandthenorthSeahavetheirownspeciesandthesetooareindanger.
Thereasonsforthedeclineinnumbersarenothardtosee.OnehugereasonisthecontinueddemandforsharkfinsinSouth-EastAsia,wheretheyareusedtomakesoupandasingredientsinmedicines.MostsharksthatarekilledcommerciallyintheWestareprocessedfortheoilthatcomesfromtheirliversSharksarealsovictimsoffear,sincetheyareroutinelykilledbyfishermenwhentheyarelandedwithothercatches.
"Sharkshavenoprotection,"writesProfessorLaw."Theyarenotoutsidethelaw-mostcountrieshavelawsprotectingthespecieswhicharemostunderthreat-buttheproblemisthatpeoplearesofrightenedofthesecreaturesthatthelawsarenotenforced.ThereareperhapsfivemarinebiologistsinEuropeactivelyinvolvedinattemptstosavesharkspecies,althoughthereisgreaterawarenessinAmericaandAustralia.Sharkshaveanimageproblem.Nobodyassociatesthemwithneedingtobesaved,simplybecausetheyaresuchfearsomepredators."
Butthemarketdemandforsharkproductshasalwaysbeenhigh.Therealreasonwhysharkstockshaveplummetedisthesameasthereasonwhyotherfishspeciesareindecline.Modernfishingtechnology-theuseofsonaranddeep-nettinginparticular-hasmadetheshark'snaturaldefencesuseless.
CharlesStarkling,authorofJaws:
theMythoftheSea,agrees."Theequipmentthesharkhastodefenditselfisperfectintherightenvironment.Againstothersharks,humans,fish,allthenormaldangers,thesharkisvirtuallyinvincible."ButStarklingaddsthatnoanimal,nomatterhowlargeanddangerousonitsown,canfightagainststeelnets."Thenetsthatareputouttoprotectswimmersdon'tjustkeepsharksaway.Theykillthem.Asharkwhichiscaughtinanetdies,becausesharkscan'tstopswimming.Withoutaswimbladder,thesharkdrownsassoonasitstopsmoving."Starklingsaysitiscommonpracticeforsharkstohavetheirfinscutoffbyfishermenandthentobedroppedbackintheoceanalive.Theydiebydrowning.
Andtheecologyofsharksmakesthemespeciallyvulnerable.Sharksaretop-of-the-chainpredators,feedingonvirtuallyanythingelseinthewater,andconsequentlytheyarequiterare.ForeverymillionherringintheAtlantic,therewillbeonemako.Sharksaresolitaryandterritorial,withunimaginablyvastareas.Thelargersharksalsoreproduceslowly,givingbirthtoliveyoungoneatatime.
Mostpeopleareafraidofsharks,butwithoutgoodreason.Youaremanythousandsoftimesmorelikelytoberunoverordiefromsmoking-evendeathbylightningordrowninginyourbatharemorelikely-thantobeattackedbyashark,andeventhenmostsharkattackvictimssurvive.Recentresearchsuggeststhatmostsharkskillbymistakeaftertakinganexploratorybite-humansarenotsharks'chosenfood.Buttimeisrunningoutfortheseancientpredatorsofthedeeps.Whentheirpopulationshavegonebelowacertainlevel,noamountoflegislationwillprotectthem.ProfessorLawpointsoutthatmostsharkscannotbekeptinzoos,liketigers,andthatoncetheyaregonetheywillbegoneforever.Hecounselsthatsharksurgentlyneedprotectionbylawiftheyaretocontinuetogracetheseas.
Questions1-8
Completethesummarybelow.Chooseyouranswersfromtheboxbelowthesummaryandwritetheminboxes1-8onyouranswersheet.Therearemorewordsthanspaces,soyouwillnotuseallthegivenwords.
SharksFaceExtinction
Allovertheworld,sharkpopulationsareindramatic________
(1).Inwarmandcoldwaters,manysharkspecieshavebeenreducedtoa________
(2)oftheirformersize.Thishascomeaboutlargelyasaresultofthedemandforsharkproductsinthemedicalandcateringindustries,butsharksarealsoleftbiologically________(3),sincetheylackswimbladdersandcandrowniftheyare________(4).Andtheshark'sreputationmeansitdoesnotenjoythe(5)ofotherendangeredspecies;conservationlawsareoften________(6).Allthesefactorsarecompoundedbyrecent________(7)inthetechniquesoffishing.Sharksarecomparativelyrare,becauseoftheirstatusas________(8),andreproduceslowly.Thismakesthemevenmoreexposedtothedangersofoverfishing.Withstocksalreadyverylow,thetimeforfulllegalprotectionhascome.
improvements
protection
decline
followed
fish
vulnerable
change
technology
ignored
section
attackers
laws
movement
trapped
open
part
predators
made
fraction
Questions9-15
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?
Inboxes9-15onyouranswersheet,writeYesifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation,Noifthestatementcontradictstheinformation,NotGivenifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage.
9Weknowpreciselyhowmuchsharkpopulationshavedeclined.
10Thebiggestreasonforthedeclineofsharksisthedemandforsharkfins.
11Peopleareafraidtoimplementregulationssafeguardingsharks.
12Thesharkisabletoprotectitselfinallcircumstances.
13Sharksliveingroups.
14Sharkattacksareastatisticallyimprobablecauseofdeathforhumans.
15Sharkswillbecomeextinctinthenearfuture.
Section2
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonquestions16-27,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.
TheTruthAboutart
Modernarthashadsomethingofabadpressrecently-or,tobemoreprecise,ithasalwayshadabadpressincertainnewspapersandamongstcertainsectorsofthepublic.Inthepublicmind,itseems,art(thatis,graphicart-pictures-andspatialart-sculpture)isdividedintotwobroadcategories.Thefirstis'classic'art,bywhichismeantrepresentationalpainting,drawingandsculpture;thesecondis'modern'art,alsoknownasabstractornon-representational.Britishpopulartasterunsdecidedlyinfavouroftheformer,ifonebelievesarecentsurveyconductedbySirBruceMcGowen,owneroftheTarnGalleryandWorkshopsinSuffolk,andoneofBritain'smostinfluentialartisticcommentators.Hefoundthattheman(orwoman)inthestreethasadistrustofcubism,abstracts,sculpturesmadeofbricksandalltypesofso-called'found'art,HelikesTurnerandConstable,thegreatrepresentativesofBritishwatercolourandoilpaintingrespectively,ortheFrenchImpressionists,andhistasteforstatuesislimitedtotherealisticfiguresofthegreatandgoodthatlittertheBritishlandscape-RobinHoodinNottinghamandOliverCromwelloutsidetheHousesofParliament.Thiseverymandoesnotbelieveinprimarycolours,abstractionandgeometryinnature-themostcommoncommentisthatsuch-and-suchapaintingis"somethingachildcouldhavedone".
MauriceCoates,directoroftheBuckinghamshireGalleriesinWindsor,whichspecialisesinmodernpainting,agrees."Lookaroundyouatwhatartisavailableeveryday,"hesays."Ourgreatmuseumsandgalleriesspecializeinworkwhichisdesignedtoappealtothelowestcommondenominator.Itmayberepresentational,itmaybe'realistic'inonesense,butalotofitwouldn'tmakeitintothegreatEuropeangalleries.Britainhashadmaybetwoorthreemajorworldpaintersinthelast1000years,sowemakeupthespacewithalotofsecond-ratematerial."
Coatesbelievesthatourignoranceofwhatmodernartishasbeencausedbythislackofexposuretotrulygreatart.HecomparestheexperienceoftheaverageBritishcity-dwellerwiththatofacitizenofItaly,FranceorSpain.
"Ofcourse,wedon'tappreciateanykindofartinthesamewaybecauseofthepaucityofgoodartinBritain.Wedon'thavegalleriesofthequalityofthoseinMadrid,Paris,Versailles,Florence,NewYorkorevensomeplacesinRussia.Wedistrustgoodart-bywhichImeanbothmodernandtraditionalartisticforms-becausewedon'thaveenoughofittolearnaboutit.Inothercountries,peoplearesurroundedbyitfrombirth.Indeedtheytakeitasabirthright,andareproudofit.TheBritishtendtobesuspiciousofit.It'snotvaluedhere."
Noteveryoneagrees.JaneForrester,whorunstheHampshireArtHouse,believesthatwhiletheBritishdonothavethesamehistoryofartisticexperienceasmanyEuropeancountries,theirsensesareasfinelyattunedtoartasanyoneelse's.
"Lookatwhatsells-inthegreatartauctionhouses,ingreetingscards,inposters.Lookatwhat'sgoingoninlocalamateurartclassesupanddownthecountry.Ofcourse,theBritisharenotthesameasothercountries,butthat'strueofallnationalities.TheFrenchartisticexperienceandoutlookisnotthesameastheItalian
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