DisabilityWikipedia the free encyclopedia.docx
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DisabilityWikipedia the free encyclopedia.docx
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DisabilityWikipediathefreeencyclopedia
Disability
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"Disabled"redirectshere.ForthepoembyWilfredOwen,seeDisabled(poem).
"Disabilities"redirectshere.FortheMiddleAgerestrictions,seeDisabilities(Jewish).
InternationalSymbolofAccess
Adisability(orlackofagivenability,asthe"dis"qualifierdenotes)inhumansmaybephysical,cognitive/mental,sensory,emotional,developmentalorsomecombinationofthese.
Animpairmentisaprobleminbodyfunctionorstructure;anactivitylimitationisadifficultyencounteredbyanindividualinexecutingataskoraction;whileaparticipationrestrictionisaproblemexperiencedbyanindividualininvolvementinlifesituations.Thusdisabilityisacomplexphenomenon,reflectinganinteractionbetweenfeaturesofaperson’sbodyandfeaturesofthesocietyinwhichheorshelives."[1]
Anindividualmayalsoqualifyasdisabledifhe/shehashadanimpairmentinthepastorisseenasdisabledbasedonapersonalorgroupstandardornorm.Suchimpairmentsmayincludephysical,sensory,andcognitiveordevelopmentaldisabilities.Mentaldisorders(alsoknownaspsychiatricorpsychosocialdisability)andvarioustypesofchronicdiseasemayalsoqualifyasdisabilities.
Someadvocatesobjecttodescribingcertainconditions(notablydeafnessandautism)as"disabilities",arguingthatitismoreappropriatetoconsiderthemdevelopmentaldifferencesthathavebeenunfairlystigmatizedbysociety.[citationneeded]
Adisabilitymayoccurduringaperson'slifetimeormaybepresentfrombirth.
[edit]Typesofdisability
Disabilityiscausedbyimpairmentstovarioussubsystemsofthebody-thesecanbebroadlysortedintothefollowingcategories.
[edit]Physicaldisability
Mainarticle:
Physicaldisability
Anyimpairmentwhichlimitsthephysicalfunctionoflimbsorfineorgrossmotorabilityisaphysicaldisability.Otherphysicaldisabilitiesincludeimpairmentswhichlimitotherfacetsofdailyliving,suchasseveresleepapnea.
[edit]Sensorydisability
Sensorydisabilitiesrelatemainlytosightandhearing.Theinabilitytosmellortasteisrelativelyrarerandisnotalwaysconsidereredtobeadisability.Othersensoryimpairmentssuchasoftheskinsenses,thesensingoftouch,heat,coldorpainalsoexistandarecommonlyassociatedwithphysicaldisabilitiesinvolvingparalysis.
[edit]Visualimpairment
Mainarticle:
Visualimpairment
Visualimpairment(orvisionimpairment)isvisionloss(ofaperson)tosuchadegreeastoqualifyasanadditionalsupportneedthroughasignificantlimitationofvisualcapabilityresultingfromeitherdisease,trauma,orcongenitalordegenerativeconditionsthatcannotbecorrectedbyconventionalmeans,suchasrefractivecorrection,medication,orsurgery.[2][3][4]Thisfunctionallossofvisionistypicallydefinedtomanifestwith
1.bestcorrectedvisualacuityoflessthan20/60,orsignificantcentralfielddefect,
2.significantperipheralfielddefectincludinghomonymousorheteronymousbilateralvisual,fielddefectorgeneralizedcontractionorconstrictionoffield,or
3.reducedpeakcontrastsensitivitywitheitheroftheaboveconditions.[2][3][4][5]
[edit]Hearingimpairment
Mainarticle:
Hearingimpairment
Hearingimpairmentorhardofhearingordeafnessreferstoconditionsinwhichindividualsarefullyorpartiallyunabletodetectorperceiveatleastsomefrequenciesofsoundwhichcantypicallybeheardbymostpeople.Mildhearinglossmaysometimesnotbeconsideredadisability.
[edit]Olfactoryandgustatoryimpairment
Impairmentofthesenseofsmellandtastearecommonlyassociatedwithagingbutcanalsooccurinyoungerpeopleduetoawidevarietyofcauses.
Furtherinformation:
Olfaction#Disorders_of_olfaction
Thereareawidevarietyofolfactorydisorders:
∙Anosmia–inabilitytosmell
∙Dysosmia–thingssmelldifferentthantheyshould
∙Hyperosmia–anabnormallyacutesenseofsmell.
∙Hyposmia–decreasedabilitytosmell
∙OlfactoryReferenceSyndrome–psychologicaldisorderwhichcausesthepatienttoimaginehehasstrongbodyodor
∙Parosmia–thingssmellworsethantheyshould
∙Phantosmia–"hallucinatedsmell,"oftenunpleasantinnature
Furtherinformation:
Taste#Disorders_of_taste
Completelossofthesenseoftasteisknownasageusia,whiledysgeusiaispersistentabnormalsenseoftaste,
[edit]Somatosensoryimpairment
Mainarticle:
Somatosensorydisorder
Insensitivitytostimulisuchastouch,heat,cold,andpainareoftenanadjuncttoamoregeneralphysicalimpairmentinvolvingneuralpathwaysandisverycommonlyassociatedwithparalysis(inwhichthemotorneuralcircuitsarealsoaffected).
[edit]Balancedisorder
Mainarticle:
Balancedisorder
Abalancedisorderisadisturbancethatcausesanindividualtofeelunsteady,forexamplewhenstandingorwalking.Itmaybeaccompaniedbysymptomsofbeinggiddy,woozy,orhaveasensationofmovement,spinning,orfloating.Balanceistheresultofseveralbodysystemsworkingtogether.Theeyes(visualsystem),ears(vestibularsystem)andthebody'ssenseofwhereitisinspace(proprioception)needtobeintact.Thebrain,whichcompilesthisinformation,needstobefunctioningeffectively.
[edit]Intellectualdisability
Mainarticle:
Intellectualdisability
Intellectualdisabilityisabroadconceptthatrangesfrommentalretardationtocognitivedeficitstoomildortoospecific(asinspecificlearningdisability)toqualifyasmentalretardation.Intellectualdisabilitiesmayappearatanyage.Mentalretardationisasubtypeofintellectualdisability,andthetermintellectualdisabilityisnowpreferredbymanyadvocatesinmostEnglish-speakingcountriesasaeuphemismformentalretardation.
[edit]Mentalhealthandemotionaldisabilities
Mainarticle:
Mentaldisorder
Amentaldisorderormentalillnessisapsychologicalorbehavioralpatterngenerallyassociatedwithsubjectivedistressordisabilitythatoccursinanindividual,andwhicharenotapartofnormaldevelopmentorculture.Therecognitionandunderstandingofmentalhealthconditionshaschangedovertimeandacrosscultures,andtherearestillvariationsinthedefinition,assessment,andclassificationofmentaldisorders,althoughstandardguidelinecriteriaarewidelyaccepted.
[edit]Developmentaldisability
Mainarticle:
Developmentaldisability
Developmentaldisabilityisanydisabilitythatresultsinproblemswithgrowthanddevelopment.Althoughthetermisoftenusedasasynonymoreuphemismforintellectualdisability,thetermalsoencompassesmanycongenitalmedicalconditionsthathavenomentalorintellectualcomponents,forexamplespinabifida.
[edit]Sociologyofdisability
Mainarticle:
Disabilitystudies
[edit]"Handicap"
Somepeoplewithdisabilitiesdonotliketheterm"handicap"becauseofabeliefthatitoriginallymeantsomeonewhocouldnotworkandwentbeggingwiththeircapinhand.This,howeverisnotthetrueoriginoftheword.Itoriginatedinalotterygameknownashand-in-capinthe17thcenturywhichinvolvedplayersplacingmoneyinacap.Itmovedlaterintohorseracingwhereitmeantbringingthestrongestcompetitorsbacktothefieldbygivingthemextraweighttocarry.Ingolf,itbecamethenumberofstrokesaplayercouldsubtractfromhisscoretogivehimachanceagainstbetterplayers,soabiggerhandicapisactuallyanadvantageingolf.Onlyin1915diditbecomeatermtodescribedisabledpeople,whenitwasusedtodescribecrippledchildren.[6]
[edit]People-firstlanguage
Mainarticle:
People-firstlanguage
TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationstyleguidestatesthat,whenidentifyingapersonwithanimpairment,theperson'snameorpronounshouldcomefirst,anddescriptionsoftheimpairment/disabilityshouldbeusedsothattheimpairmentisidentified,butisnotmodifyingtheperson.Improperexamplesare"aborderline","ablindperson",or"anautisticboy";moreacceptableterminologyincludes"awomanwithDownsyndrome"or"amanwhohasschizophrenia".Italsostatesthataperson'sadaptiveequipmentshouldbedescribedfunctionallyassomethingthatassistsaperson,notassomethingthatlimitsaperson,e.g."awomanwhousesawheelchair"ratherthan"awomanin/confinedtoawheelchair."
Asimilarkindof"people-first"terminologyisalsousedintheUK,butmoreoftenintheform"peoplewithimpairments"(e.g."peoplewithvisualimpairments").However,intheUK,theterm"disabledpeople"isgenerallypreferredto"peoplewithdisabilities".Itisarguedunderthesocialmodelthatwhilesomeone'simpairment(e.g.havingaspinalcordinjury)isanindividualproperty,"disability"issomethingcreatedbyexternalsocietalfactorssuchasalackofwheelchairaccesstotheworkplace.[7]Thisdistinctionbetweentheindividualpropertyofimpairmentandthesocialpropertyofdisabilityiscentraltothesocialmodel.Theterm"disabledpeople"asapoliticalconstructionisalsowidelyusedbyinternationalorganisationsofdisabledpeople,suchasDisabledPeoples'International(DPI).
[edit]Literature
Manybooksondisabilityanddisabilityrightspointoutthat"disabled"isanidentitythatoneisnotnecessarilybornwith,asdisabilitiesaremoreoftenacquiredthancongenital.SomedisabilityrightsactivistsuseanacronymTAB,"TemporarilyAble-Bodied",asareminderthatmanypeoplewilldevelopdisabilitiesatsomepointintheirlivesduetoaccidents,illness(physical,mentaloremotional),orlate-emergingeffectsofgenetics.[dubious–discuss][citationneeded]
[edit]Masculinity
AccordingtoauthorDanielJ.Wilson,thecharacteristicsofma
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