电动汽车毕业设计外文翻译.docx
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电动汽车毕业设计外文翻译.docx
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电动汽车毕业设计外文翻译
第1章
英文原文:
Abstract-AvehicleisconsiderGreenwhenitmoreenvironmentallyfriendlythanthetraditionalpetroleumcombustionengine,inwhichincludesanynontraditionalvehiclelike,HEV,PlugIn,EV,FuelCell,Biofueletc.thatimprovesfueleconomy.Thedevelopmentofelectricvehiclehasbeenoverahundredyearsbutfailuretogainthepublicacceptanceinvariousstagesduetovariousreasonswhichexplained.WhileEVwasnevermassproduced,Hybridelectricvehiclegainsthemomentuminrecentyears.FordhaslauncheditssecondgenerationofHEVandGMalsoannouncedthedebutoftheVoltin2010.ComparingtotheregularHEV,Pluginisthenewtrendinhybridautodevelopmentduetoextendtravelrangeinelectricalmodeandapossibilityofazeroemissionaslongastraveldistanceislessthanchargingthreshold.However,morerecently,anelectrificationtrendinautomotiveindustryhasbeenevolvedandwillrevolutionizetheindustry.Withthecorrectpolicyandgovernmenthelpandadvancementofelectricvehicletechnology,theprospectofElectricVehiclewillbebrightandthefocuspointoffuturedevelopment.
Keywords–electricvehicle,hybrid,plugin,green,history
INTRODUCTION
Asassociatedwithenergyindependenceandenvironmentalissue,alternativefuelvehicle,especiallyElectricandHybridelectricvehiclehasbecomepartofthegovernmentpolicyallovertheworld.TheunitedStatemandatesastricterfueleconomystandard.Chinaissuedanewenergyvehiclepolicytoaccelerate&subsidizethedeploymentofelectricthisyearandsetagoalof500kfor2011.HongKongalsosetaclearvisionforEVapplicationinthenearfuture.
Asfortheautoindustry,asilentgreenresolutionisundergosignificanttransformationaftergasolinepricerosesignificantlytoexceedUS$2levelandmarketdemandsforsuchvehicle.TheindustryintroducedmorefuelefficientHEVsandlesspollutedvehiclestothemarket.AsOilpricesurgedrapidlyduringthelastfewyears,thephenomenonhaspushedpureelectricvehicledevelopmentregainingtractionamongautomakersandgovernments.
TheconsumermarkethasbroughtsignificantgaininalternativefuelvehicleaswellasHEVandelectricvehicles.AHEVstudy(Fig.1)conductedbyPolk&CompanyindicatedanupwardtrendofmarketshareofHEVsalesinUnitedStateandWesternEurope.AnevenbiggershareofHEVandEVwerepredictedwhentheycombined.Infact,selectionofHEVmodelsfromOEMshavegrownfromtwo(Insight&Prius)in2000tomorethantwentiesastoday.SalesoftheHEVareinthefasttrackalongwithmorethan300,000HEVsoldin2007[2].FurtherknowncommitmentsofHEVandelectricvehiclefromOEMwillimprovetheHEVproductionevenmore.Addingplug-inandelectricvehicletothelineupwillstrengthenandacceleratethecurrentelectrificationtrend.
ChevyVolt,thefirstplug-inhybrid,andabunchofplannedelectricvehiclessalutedforendconsumerintheNorthAmericawillleadtoaroundofnewenergyvehicleinthemarket.
HISTORYOFELECTRICVEHICLEDEVELOPMENT
Thedevelopmentofelectricvehiclehasalonghistory.Sincetheinventionofelectricmotor,electricvehiclehasbeenaroundfor150years.Fromsimplenon-chargeabletomodernstateofartcontrolsystem,thedevelopmentofElectricvehiclecanbeclassifiedintothreestages:
Earlydevelopmentstage
Electricvehiclewasconsideredamongtheearliestautomobileandwellaheadofcombustionengine.Itdominatedthevehicleregistrationwith3:
1comparingtogasolinevehiclesinthelate1920sto1930sandheldmostofthelandvehicleperformancerecordinearly1900s.Itwasamajortransportationtoolandwidelyusedinthesocietyforlocaltransportationimprovedfromhorsecarriages.
Until1930,electricvehicleleadershipwasovertakenbygasolinevehicledevelopmentandwasneverabletoreclaimthestatusforfollowingreasons:
MaturityofGasolinevehicleandcanbemassproducedatareasonablecost.WiththemassproductionofModelT&manufactureprocessrevolution,vehiclesbecamesuddenlyavailabletogeneralpublicandproceedasawaytoimprovelife;Gasolinevehicletookoverastheleaderandsurpasselectricvehiclebothinperformanceandcost.Infrastructureimprovementanddemandofinter-citytravelrequiredalongertraveldistancethatwasneverabletoexploitbyelectricvehiclebefore.Lackingofchargeinfrastructuredevelopment,reliableelectricitytransmissionandlimitedtraveldistance,electricvehiclenolongersuitedforconsumerdemandandlosttheedgetoregulargasolinevehicle.Limitedornoelectricalinfrastructuresupportforcedtheresignationandabundanceofearlierelectricvehicle.
Widelydiscoveryofgasolineinthesateandreadyavailabilityofcheapfuelalsocontributedthespreadofgasolinevehicle.Petrolinthe1930sprovidedadirectcheapsourceofenergyforvehicletransportation.Itcouldbecarriedaroundbycontainerwhichenabledandextendedthemobilityofowningavehicle.
B.Midtermdevelopment(1930s-1980s)
Electricvehicleproductionanddevelopmentcametoahaltaspersonaltransportationaftercombustionenginetookoverin1935.PoliticalsensitivitywithOPECcreatedanecessityofenergyindependenceduringthe1960sand1970s.Governmentandenvironmentalistreintroducedtougherfuelefficientstandardfortheindustryandignitedaboardinterestinelectricvehicleintheperiod.Energycrisisinearly70sdriventheUSpostalserviceplacedalargeorderof350EVtestfleet.Itisthehighestnodeofmidtermdevelopment.However,partlyduetolimitedperformance,othergovernmentalpriorities,lackofboardinfrastructuresupportandrangeofcorporationparticipation,thedevelopmentquietdownquicklyduringthisperiod.
C.ModernDevelopment
ModernEVdevelopmentwasdominatedbyEV1whoproducedbyGMforfleetapplication.FollowingaprogramfundedbyDepartmentofEnergy,ForddevelopedEVRangerpickuptruck,ToyotaprovidedRav4EVandHondahadanEVavailableaswellduringlate1990sandearly2000s.Unfortunately,thisshortsurgeofEVavailabilitydidnotrealizedintocommercialproductionbecauseofacomplicatedissueofpolitics,economic,educationandtechnologythatincludesvehicleproductioncostandsafetyconcerns.EV1,Ranger,Rav4andHondaEVwereintendedforfleettestonly,almostallthevehicleshasbeendiscontinued,destroyedandrecycled.OnlyahandfulofelectricvehiclesweresurvivedunderthehandsofEVenthusiasts.
D.ModernHEVdevelopment
However,in1999andearly2000s,anewtypeofelectricvehicleemergedfrompureelectricvehicle.HondaintroducedthefirstHEV,HondaInsight,totheUSMarketthatbroughtanothermilestoneinautoindustry.WithbriskmarketacceptanceandsuccessofthePrius,HEVtechnologyshowsitmaturityandpotential.FordintroducedthefirstAmericanhybridelectricvehicle,EscapeSUVHEV,duringthe‘ManhattanonaTank’eventandregistered600miles/tankincongestivecitytrafficthatopenedaneweraofcompetitioninUSamongHEVs.Byyearof2008,theHEVsalesweremorethan%fortotalsalesvolume.Indeep,thenextgenerationofHEVfromToyota,HondaandFordhasintroducedinto2009withfurtherrefinementalongupdatedtechnology.Fuelefficiencyhasimprovedaswell.
ToyotaistheclearleaderintheHEVarenabaseonvolumeandrangeofmodelswithit“synergydrivesystem”.HondaandFordarerightbehindwiththeirofferinginfullhybrids.GMoffersits“twomode”technologyinhybridpassengercarsandtrucksaswell.
E.FutureDevelopment
Asgasolinepriceriserapidly,combinedwithenvironmentalconcern,thesocietyrenewsthecallforsocialresponsibility.ElectricVehicleandotherAFVsuddenlybecomespopularagain.
WithannouncementoftheChevyVoltplug-inconceptcoupleyearsagoandpureelectricvehiclefromNissan,anewroundofEVdevelopmenthasresurrectedintoOEM’scycleplanintheupcomingyears.ThefruitofthisEVtrendwillbeseeninthenextthreeyears.
Comparingtopreviouselectricvehicledevelopment,thereareafewfactorsthatwillensurethisinitiationbesuccessfulinthefuture:
VehicleoperatorsarethedirecttargetcustomersofdevelopingEV.Marketdrivenapproachalwayscreatescompetitiveandattractiveproductsatreasonablecostandperformance.
Earlytechnologyandenvironmentaladopterwilltheinitialleadersandusers.Theyarewillingtosupportandhasthecapabilitytoinfluencethesuccess.AlsovariouseducationprogramsandEVinitiativestransformgeneralunderstandingoffuelefficientvehiclesandtheirbenefits.Warmacceptanceofelectricvehicleishighinthecomingyears.
Cooperationinchargestationandinfrastructuredevelopmenthasgainedattentionatdifferentlevel.Variousbusinessmodelsarebeingexplored.Theindustryandgovernmentareconfidentthatfinalplanwillreachpriortothemasslaunchofelectricvehicle.
Energystoragetechnologyimprovementmakeslithiumbatteryapplicationbecamesafeinvehicle.Sophisticationofsystemmanagementupgradesandimproveselectricvehicletoacomparablelevelofcombustionengine.Lastly,propergovernmentpolicyprovidesadevelopmentfoundationfortheindustry.Specialtaxincentivesandsubsidywilloffsetconsumerburdenforpurchasingelectricvehicle.Itisaconfidentvotefortheproductwhengovernmentiswillingtoprovidefinancialandstrategicsupport.
III.CONCLUSION
Likemanyemergingtechnology,electricvehicledevelopmentandapplicationhavebeenaroundforalongtime,butuntilrecently,thetechnologyhasnotreallytakenoff.EventhoughHEVstartedasagoodalternativetogasolinevehicleandwellpublicizedbythemedia,butitonlyrepresentedastheintermediate
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