CIVIL DUE PROCESS CRIMINAL DUE PROCESS.docx
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CIVIL DUE PROCESS CRIMINAL DUE PROCESS.docx
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CIVILDUEPROCESSCRIMINALDUEPROCESS
FOREDUCATIONALUSEONLY
25YaleL.&Pol'yRev.1
YaleLawandPolicyReview
Fall2006
Article
*1CIVILDUEPROCESS,CRIMINALDUEPROCESS
NikiKuckes[FNd1]
Copyright©2006YaleLawandPolicyReview;NikiKuckes
I.TheContoursofCivilDueProcess....................................8
II.TheContoursofCriminalDueProcess................................14
A.CriminalDueProcessatTrial...................................18
B.CriminalDueProcessBeforeTrial...............................20
1.RejectingDueProcessRightsinPretrialCriminalProceedings.25
2.AllowingGrandJuryIndictmentToDisplacePretrialJudicial
Review.............................................................29
III.TheProblematicConsequencesofCompetingDoctrinesofCiviland
CriminalDueProcess...............................................34
A.DisparitiesWithintheCriminalProcess.........................34
B.DisparitiesBetweenCriminalandCivilCases...................39
IV.TowardanIntegratedApproachtoProceduralDueProcess.............43
A.JudgingtheRationalesforDistinguishingCivilandCriminalDue
Process............................................................43
1.The"Displacement"TheoryofCriminalDueProcess.............44
2.he"TrialRights"TheoryofCriminalDueProcess..............46
3.he"CriminalProcess"TheoryofCriminalDueProcess..........49
B.ntegratingtheDoctrinesofCivilandCriminalDueProcess......53
Conclusion...........................................................60
*2Proceduraldueprocesshasthecomfortablefeelofanold,familiarlegaldoctrine.[FN1]Ifdefiningthesubstantivestandardsimposedbydueprocesscanseemchallenging,[FN2]proceduraldueprocessseemsstraightforwardbycomparison:
apersonmaynotconstitutionallybedeprivedof"life,libertyorproperty"bygovernmentalactionwithoutnoticeandameaningfulopportunitytobeheard.[FN3]Thesecoreproceduralrulesseemindisputable.IntheAmericanadversarytradition,afterall,itiscommonlysaidthat"nobetterinstrumenthasbeendevisedforarrivingattruth"thanacontestbetweenparties,presidedoverbyaneutralarbiter.[FN4]Andyet,incriminalproceedings,evenproceduraldueprocessisnotquitesosimple.Inparticular,thisArticleexploresananomalousdivergencebetweencivilandcriminaldueprocessrules,underwhichkeynotice-and-hearingrightsthatmustbegrantedtocivillitigantsarenotconstitutionallyrequiredforcriminaldefendantsinthepretrialstagesofacriminalcase,evenifbotharethreatenedwithcomparablelosses.[FN5]*3Theconventionaldoctrineofproceduraldueprocess,appliedincivilsettingsfromlow-levelagencyhearingstofull-scaleciviltrials,grantsarighttonoticeandahearingwhenevergovernmentactionthreatensaloss.[FN6]Thisconceptionofproceduraldueprocessisfamiliartoafirst-yearlawstudent:
[FN7]acitizenfacedwithagovernmentaldeprivationofalibertyorpropertyinteresthasadueprocessrightto"somekindofhearing."[FN8]WhilethecaseoftencitedforthisdoctrineisthemodernprecedentofMathewsv.Eldridge,[FN9]theideathattheessentialcharacterofproceduraldueprocessisarighttonoticeandahearinghasdeeperroots.[FN10]
Incriminalcases,however,therearerespectsinwhichproceduraldueprocesscanapplyquitedifferently.Itmaysurprisethosenotsteepedintheintricaciesofcriminalproceduretolearnthathearingrightsconstitutionallyrequiredforindividualsthreatenedwithadversegovernmentactionincivilsettingsarenotnecessarilyenjoyedbycriminaldefendants.[FN11]Inparticular,whilethecriminaltrial,whenitoccurs,isthepinnacleofconstitutional"process,"[FN12]ithaslongbeenrecognizedthatcriminaldefendants*4constitutionallymaybearrested,detained,andsuspendedfromgovernmentemploymentbeforetrialwithlessmeaningfulhearingrightsthancomparabledeprivationswouldrequireincivillitigation.[FN13]JusticeStewartmaybestbeknownforhismemorablequoteonthedifficultyofdefiningobscenity,[FN14]buthealsooriginatedapithyobservationwithrespecttoproceduraldueprocesswhenhecomplainedthatundertheCourt'sdifferentdueprocessrulesgoverningthepretrialprocessincivilandcriminalmatters,"theConstitutionextendslessproceduralprotectiontoanimprisonedhumanbeingthanisrequiredtotesttheproprietyofgarnishingacommercialbankaccount,...thecustodyofarefrigerator,...thetemporarysuspensionofapublicschoolstudent,orthesuspensionofadriver'slicense."[FN15]
Thebedrockprinciplethattrialmustprecedejudgmentis,ofcourse,appliedtocivilandcriminalcasesalike.[FN16]Butincivilandadministrativematters,thisdoctrineisalsologicallyextendedtoeverystageofthelitigationprocess:
asamatterofdueprocess,forexample,anappropriatelytailoredhearingmustprecedetheissuanceofapreliminaryinjunction,nolessthantheentryofafinalciviljudgment,becauseoftheconcernfortheaccuracyofbothdecisions--andtherecognitionthatdistinctharmstotheindividualmayflowfromeach.[FN17]
Incriminalcases,bycontrast,thereisnoconstitutionalrequirementthatthedefendantbepermittedtotestthefactualbasisforthegovernment'schargespriortothecriminaltrial,evenwhenthosecriminalchargesareusedtojustifyimposingrestrictionsonthedefendant'slibertyorpropertypendingtrial.[FN18]*5Courtshavenotmerelyrefusedtograntdueprocesshearingrightsinthecriminalpretrialprocess,[FN19]buthaveaffirmativelyheldthatthegrandjury'ssecret,one-sidedindictmentdecisionapprovingaprosecutor'scriminalchargesconclusivelyestablishesthatthecriminalchargesaresupportedbyevidence.[FN20]Thenetresultofthesedoctrinesisthatthemainproceduraleventinacriminalcase,fromadueprocessperspective,isthecriminaltrial.[FN21]Thepreliminarystepsthatoccurpriortotrialinacriminalcase--arraignment,bailhearingsandsoon--arelargelyadministrativestepsdesignedtobringthedefendanttotrial,notmeaningfuladversaryproceedingsdesignedtoreviewandtestthegovernment'sevidence.[FN22]Instead,thecriminaldefendant'sprimaryconstitutionalprotectionwithrespecttotheharmshemaysufferinthepretrialcriminalprocessistoinsistona(relatively)speedytrial.[FN23]
UnresolvedtensionbetweentheSupremeCourt'sproceduraldueprocessdoctrinesincivilandcriminalmattersemerged,mostrecently,inconstitutionallitigationoverthedueprocessrightsofenemycombatants.Hamdiv.Rumsfeldwasthe"perfectstorm"fordivergentdueprocessrulesbecauseitinvolvedabasicdisputeoverwhetherthegovernmentcouldusecivilprocessestodetaincitizensaccusedofactingas"enemycombatants,"orwhetheritmustresorttothecriminalprocessandobtainaconvictioninordertoimprisonsuchpersons.[FN24]Becausebothcivilandcriminalavenueswerepossible,thecaserequiredtheCourttoconsiderhowdueprocessmightapplydifferentlyineachsetting.Treatingdetentionofenemycombatantsasapermissibleformofcivil*6detention,[FN25]amajorityoftheJusticesappliedtraditionalproceduraldueprocessdoctrinetorequirenoticeandahearingtotestthefactualbasisfordetention.[FN26]Eveninthissettingofheightenedconcernovernationalsecurityandterrorism,theCourtreaffirmedthebasictenetsofproceduraldueprocess,holdingthatthegovernmentmustextendtocitizendetaineesthecoredueprocessrightstonoticeandahearing.
Thismuchofthedecisiontreadsfamiliarground,becauseitappliesthefamiliarapproachthatimmediatelycomestomindwhenwethinkaboutproceduraldueprocess.WhatismorepuzzlingisthedueprocessapproachadvocatedbyJusticeScalia,joinedbyJusticeStevens,whotooktheviewthatthegovernment'sclaimsagainstYaserEsamHamdimustproceedcriminally.[FN27]HintingataconstitutionaldisputethathasperiodicallyemergedinSupremeCourtprecedents,theseJusticesarguedthattheMathewsdecision,whichreflectstheconventionalnotice-and-hearingtestforproceduraldueprocess,isinapplicableincriminalsettings.[FN28]Instead,theyargued,acriminaldefendant'sdueprocessrightsconsistofthosetraditionalrightshistoricallyaffordedtodefendantsinthecriminalprocess.[FN29]Thisisadistinctlydifferentvisionofproceduraldueprocess.
WhileHamdidoesnotconcernthecriminalpretrialprocess--thefocusofthisArticle--thecompetingdueprocessapproachesinthatcaseaptlysymbolizetheSupremeCourt'sdivergentapproachestoproceduraldueprocessincriminalandcivillitigation,whichmaydifferinthehearingrightsgrantedevenwhentheinterestsatstakesseemquitesimilar.[FN30]Civildueprocessdoctrineisconsistentbutflexible--somekindofhearingmustbeextended*7wheneveradeprivationisthreatened,butthecontoursofthathearingcanvaryquitesignificantly.[FN31]Criminaldueprocessdoctrine,bycomparison,canseemrigidanduneven.Atacriminaltrial,ifitoccurs,notonlywillthefactualbasisforthegovernment'scriminalchargesbefullyaired,butthegovernmentwillbearaheavyburdentoestablishthatthefactsareasitcontends.[FN32]Beforeacriminaltrial,however--atthetimewhenthedefendantispresumptivelyinnocent--thedefendantlackscertainbasicdueprocesshearingrights.[FN33]
Whilethisdebateprovidesacontradictionrichinissues,theparticularfocusofthisArticleisonthecriminalmodelofproceduraldueprocessinvokedbyJusticeScalia.[FN34]Inparticular,theArticleconsider
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