学年人教版英语选修七新素养同步讲义Unit 1 Living well 4 Section Ⅳ Grammar Word版含答案.docx
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学年人教版英语选修七新素养同步讲义Unit 1 Living well 4 Section Ⅳ Grammar Word版含答案.docx
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学年人教版英语选修七新素养同步讲义Unit1Livingwell4SectionⅣGrammarWord版含答案
SectionⅣ Grammar
动词不定式
1.(教材P2)Unfortunately,thedoctorsdon’tknowhowto__make(make)mebetter,butIamveryoutgoingandhavelearnedto__adapt(adapt)tomydisability.
2.(教材P2)Evenafterallthat,noonecouldgivemydiseaseanameanditisdifficultto__know(know)whatthefutureholds.
3.(教材P2)Iamhappyto__have__found(find)manythingsIcando,likewritingandcomputerprogramming.
4.(教材P2)Myambitionisto__work(work)forafirmthatdevelopscomputersoftwarewhenIgrowup.
5.(教材P2)Ihaveaverybusylifewithnotimeto__sit(sit)aroundfeelingsorryformyself.
动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成。
这里的to是不定式标志,无意义,有时可省略。
其否定形式为“not+动词不定式”。
不定式既有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能,又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。
不定式的时态和语态
主动语态
被动语态
意义
一般时
todo
tobedone
表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后
完成时
tohavedone
tohavebeendone
表示动作发生在谓语动作之前
进行时
tobedoing
表示谓语动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行
完成进行时
tohavebeendoing
表示动作发生在谓语动作之前且一直持续到谓语动作发生时仍在进行
◆Myfatherhasdecidedtocutoutsmoking.
我父亲已经决定戒烟了。
◆It’sagreathonourtobeinvitedtodothevoluntaryworkforthedisabled.
被邀请为残疾人做志愿工作,我感到很荣幸。
◆I’mverysorrytohavekeptyousittingarounddoingnothing.
让你一直无所事事闲坐着我感到很抱歉。
◆Thelittleboypretendedtobereadingthebookwhenhisteacherenteredtheclassroom.
当他的老师走进教室时小男孩假装正在读书。
不定式在句中的作用
1.不定式作主语
(1)单个的不定式作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。
两个或两个以上的不定式作主语时,谓语动词常用复数形式;但当它们作为一个整体时,谓语动词用单数形式。
◆Todoexerciseisbeneficialtoourhealth.
锻炼有益于健康。
◆Toformagoodhabitoflearningisimportantforusstudents.
养成良好的学习习惯对我们学生来说很重要。
(2)若不定式结构比较复杂,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语放在句子的后面。
常用结构有:
①Itis+adj.+(of/forsb.)todo...
②Itis+a/an+名词+todo...
③Ittakes(sb.)sometime/courage/patience...todo...
④Itrequirescourage/patience/hardwork...todo...
◆(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)What’smore,it’snecessaryforyoutomakeagoodrest,whichwillprovideenoughenergyforyou.
此外,你有必要好好休息,这能给你提供足够的精力。
◆(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)I’msureitisagoodchancetoperformyourfavoritemusic.
我确信这是表演你最喜爱的音乐的一次好机会。
◆Ittakeshalfanhourtowalkfromheretotheschool.
从这里走到学校需要半小时。
2.不定式作表语
不定式放在系动词后面常表示将来的动作或解释说明主语的内容,其主语常是wish,idea,task,purpose,duty等表示“意向、打算、计划”的词。
◆Myworkistocleantheroomsfortheoldinthenursinghouseeveryday.
我的工作是每天为敬老院的老人打扫房间。
◆Hisambitionistosetupschoolsforchildrenofpoorfamilies.
他的梦想是为贫困家庭的孩子们建立学校。
3.不定式作宾语
(1)动词不定式作宾语时,往往跟在某些及物动词的后面,常见的有agree,ask,decide,hope,fail,manage,pretend,refuse等。
◆I’mverybusyatpresent,soIhavetorefusetohelpyou.
我目前太忙了,因此我不得不拒绝帮助你。
◆Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
(2)能接“疑问词+todo”的动词(短语)有decide,know,consider,forget,learn,remember,show,findout,understand,see,wonder,hear,explain,tell等。
◆Hestilldidn’tunderstandhowtooperatethemachine.
他仍然不明白如何操作这台机器。
(3)当不定式作宾语时,常会用it作形式宾语,而把不定式放到后面。
可接it作形式宾语的动词有feel,find,make,think等。
◆IfinditverydifficulttocommunicatewithhiminEnglish.
我发现用英语与他交流很难。
4.不定式作宾语补足语
(1)常跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词有ask,tell,invite,get,advise,allow,want,permit,warn,hate,encourage,prefer,expect,order,wish等;有些动词常跟“tobe+形容词”构成复合结构,如think,consider,imagine,prove,find,know,suppose等。
◆Hewantsallofustomakerapidprogress.
他希望我们大家都迅速进步。
◆I’llleavehimtosolvetheproblembyhimself.
我将让他自己去解决这个问题。
◆IprefermyEnglishclassestobetaughtinbothChineseandEnglish.
我希望英语课用中英文双语教学。
(2)在make,let,have,see,hear,watch,notice,feel,observe,listento,lookat等动词(短语)后的复合宾语中,不定式不带to。
在help后,不定式可以带to,也可以不带to。
这些词在变为被动语态时,to不能省略。
◆Someonesawhimgoupstairsfollowinghisbrother.
有人看见他跟在他哥哥后面上楼去了。
◆Hewasseentogoupstairsfollowinghisbrother.
他被看见跟在他哥哥后面上楼去了。
5.不定式作状语
(1)不定式作原因状语多用在某些表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”等的形容词后。
◆I’mverygladtobeinvitedtoattendthemeeting.
我很高兴被邀请参加这个会议。
(2)不定式作目的状语时可与soasto/inorderto替换,但soasto一般不可置于句首。
◆ToknowsomethingaboutEnglishisonething;toknowEnglishisquiteanother.
懂一点英语是一回事;掌握英语完全是另一回事。
(3)结果状语常表示意想不到的结果,常用onlytodo。
◆Iwenttoseehim,onlytolearnthathehadleftthecitythenightbefore.
我去看他,却得知他已经在前夜离开了这个城市。
熟记固定结构be+adj.+todosth.
◆AsfarasI’mconcerned,heisveryeasytogetalongwith.
就我个人而言,他很容易相处。
6.不定式作定语
(1)动词不定式常常放在抽象名词attempt,ability,courage,chance,desire,determination,decision,effort,plan,way或不定代词something,nothing等后面作后置定语,如果其逻辑主语是句子的主语,不定式用主动式。
◆Wemusthavethecouragetofacethechallenge.
我们必须有勇气面对挑战。
◆WeareinvitedtoapartytobeheldinourclubnextFriday.
我们被邀请参加下周五在我们俱乐部举办的派对。
◆Incollege,therearesomanygoodchancestomeetyourexpectations.
在大学里,有很多机会满足你的期望。
(2)用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词,且与中心词为主动关系。
◆Theyarealwaysthefirsttobearhardships,thelasttoenjoycomforts.
他们总是吃苦在前,享乐在后。
不定式与被修饰的词有动宾关系,且句中有该不定式的逻辑主语时,该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
如果这个不定式是不及物动词,其后应加上适当的介词。
◆Themanagerisparticularaboutthepapertowriteon.
经理对写字的纸很挑剔。
单句语法填空
1.Itisimportantto__know(know)thebodylanguageofthecountryyouwillvisittoavoidmisunderstanding.
2.It’snousecomplaining(complain),andyoushouldtakeactiontoavoidgreaterloss.
3.Oneofhisambitionswhenhewasyoungwasto__become(become)afamouslawyer.
4.Having__handled(handle)theurgenttask,hedecidedtotakeaholidaywithhisparents.
5.Youweresillyto__have__left(leave)yournewbikeoutsidewithoutlockingitlastnight.
6.ThemanageraskedRobertto__take(take)chargeofthebigprojectthoughhewasnotexperienced.
7.Whenyougotoaforeigncountry,youwillspendsometimerecovering(recover)fromcultureshock.
8.Thegreatinventormadeitpossibleforeveryoneto__use(use)thenewtechnology,notjustuniversitiesandthearmy.
9.To__see(see)istobelieve.Iwon’tbelieveituntilIseeitwithmyowneyes.
10.Mydecisionisto__set(set)upmyownwebsiteaftergraduationfromuniversity.
单句改错
1.Susanwasthefirstpersoninourofficetothinkingoftheidea.thinking→think
2.Itwillbeagoodopportunityexchangeexperience.在opportunity后加to
3.Thebossmakesthemtoworkaslongas13hourseveryday.去掉to
4.Alltheseworriesmadeimpossibleforhertoconcentrateonherwork.在made后加it
5.Mumalwaysencouragesusexpressourideasandfeelingsbravely.在us后加to
6.Robertdidnothingbuttoplayvideogamesthewholeevening.去掉to
7.Thechildrenwereaskedputawayallthetoystheyhadplayedwith.在asked后加to
8.Alicefounditimpossibleforhercollectsomuchmoneyinsuchashorttime.在her后加to
同义句改写
1.Itistimethatwetookmeasurestoimproveairquality.
→Itistimeforusto__takemeasurestoimproveairquality.
2.ItissaidthatMrs.Yanghasfinishedherthirdbookaboutteenagers.
→Mrs.Yangis__said__to__have__finishedherthirdbookaboutteenagers.
3.Bobwassofrightenedthathedidn’tsayawordbeforesomanypeople.
→Bobwastoo__frightened__to__sayawordbeforesomanypeople.
4.ItseemsthattheguideistalkingwithsomeguestsfromtheUnitedStates.
→Theguideseems__to__be__talking__withsomeguestsfromtheUnitedStates.
5.Theworkersspentmorethanthreeyearscompletingthehighspeedrailway.
→Ittooktheworkersmorethanthreeyearsto__completethehighspeedrailway.
单句语法填空
1.(2018·天津卷)Ididn’tmeanto__eat(eat)anythingbuttheicecreamlookedsogoodthatIcouldn’thelptrying(try)it.
2.Amymanagedto__fly(fly)acrossmanycountriesandfinallyreachedAustralia.
3.Oneofourgoalsisto__win(win)theworldchampionshipintabletennisthisyear.
4.To__complete(complete)thereportintime,Annspentthreedaysintheschoollibrary.
5.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Youdon’thavetorunfastorforlongto__see(see)thebenefit.
6.Theycametotherestaurantafterwork,onlyto__find(find)thatitwasbeingdecorated.
7.Itisdifficultforusto__imagine(imagine)hisacceptingthedecisionwithoutanyconsideration.
8.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Oncehismessagewasdelivered,heallowedmeto__stay(stay)andwatch.
9.Alackofconcentrationseriouslyaffectstheirabilityto__study(study)andthustheirtestresults.
10.Doyouknowwhoisthefirstpersonto__climb(climb)thetallestmountainintheworld?
11.Youaresillyto__have__told(tell)yoursecrettoRose.Nowmostoftheclassmatesknowthatyoufailedinmaths.
12.Thefinalexaminationisdrawingnear,sowehavenochoicebutto__focus(focus)onourstudies.
阅读理解
Thesenseofsoundoccurswhenthevibrations(震动)fromsoundsenterourearsandcausehaircellstomovebackandforth.Thehaircellstransformthismovementintoanelectricalsignalthatthebraincanuse.Howwellapersoncanhearlargelydependsonhowcompletethesehaircellsare.Oncelost,theywon’treturn—andthisisnodifferentforblindpeople.Soblindpeoplecan’tphysicallyhearbetterthanothers.
Yetblindpeopleoftenoutperformsightedpeopleinhearingtaskssuchaslocatingthesourceofsounds.Thereasonforthisbecomesclearwhenwelookbeyondthesensoryorgans.
Awarenessoccurswhenthebrainexplainssignalsthatoursensoryorgansprovide.Differentpartsofthebrainrespondtotheinformationarrivingfromdifferentsensoryorgans.Therearedifferentareasforprocessingvisualandsoundinformation.Butwhenasenselikevisionislost,thebraincanreorganizethefunctionsofthesebrainareas.Inblindpeople,thevisualareagetsabitboredwithoutvisualinformationandstartstorenewitself,becomingmoresensitivetoinformationfromtheotherremainingsenses.Soblindpeoplemayhavelosttheirvision,butthisleavesalargerbraincapacityforprocessingtheinformationfromothersenses.
Howwellthebrainreorganizesdependsonwhensomeonelosestheirsight.Thebraincanreorganizeitselfatanypointinlife,butduringchildhoodthebrainismoreabletoadapttochange.Becauseduringchildhoodthebrainisstilldevelopingandtheneworganizationofthebraindoesnothavetocompetewit
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