外文翻译了解矿区水和盐的动态 支持集成水质和质量管理.docx
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外文翻译了解矿区水和盐的动态 支持集成水质和质量管理.docx
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外文翻译了解矿区水和盐的动态支持集成水质和质量管理
中文3600字
本科毕业设计(论文)
外文翻译
原文:
Understandingminesitewaterandsaltdynamicstosupportintegratedwaterqualityandquantitymanagement
Waterreuseisbecominganintegralcomponentofthewatermanagementstrategyonminesites.Thispractiseisbeingdrivenbycorporatesustainabilitygoals,communityandsocietalpressurestodemonstrateimprovedwaterstewardship,aswellasclimateandregulatorypressures.However,waterreuseoftenresultsinwaterqualitycompromisewhichcanthenresultindecreasedrecoverythroughproblemsinprocessingcircuits,productquality,andanincreasedlikelihoodofdischargeofwaterthatcannotmeetenvironmentalregulatoryrequirements.Onmostminesites,thereisusuallyadisjuncturebetweenwaterquantitymanagementandwaterqualitymanagementwiththelatterbeingmanagedsolelyasanenvironmentalproblem.Itisbecomingincreasinglyclearthatwaterqualityandquantitymustbemanagedasanintegratedsystem.Inordertointegratewaterqualityandquantitymanagementtoachievemultipleobjectivesthedynamicsofwaterandconstituentsmustbeunderstood.UsingexamplesfromastudybeingconductedatacoalminetheBowenBasin,thispaperwilloutlinethedynamicsofwaterandsaltsonthesite.
Introduction
Theneedforsustainablewatermanagementpractisesisbeingdrivenbycorporatesustainabilitygoals,increasedpublicscrutinyofwateruse,management,andenvironmentalstewardship,therelativeeconomicsofincreasingreuseagainstthealternativeofincreasedsupplyoffreshwaterandclimateconditions.Theabilitytosimultaneouslymeetwaterquantity,waterqualityandproductqualityobjectivesisbecominganincreasinglychallengingcomponentofwatermanagementonminesites.However,becausethewatersystemonaminesiteactsasacomplexsystemwithfeedbacksandinteractionsbetweenthenaturalclimatedrivensystemandtheengineeredreticulationthereareoftenunintendedimpactsfromwatermanagementdecisionsthatonlyconsideronesetofobjectives
Inthecoalindustry,therehasbeenconsiderableinvestmentinimprovingwatermanagementonsites.Thishasbeendrivenbywidespreadandprolongeddroughtaswellascorporatetargetsforfreshwatersavings.Overthelastdecademostsiteshaveadoptedwaterreuseasameansformakingfreshwatersavings.However,waterreuseresultsinincreasedsalinityinsitewaterstores(Moranetal,2006).Theincreaseinsalinityisdrivenlargelybyevaporationandongoingsaltinputsfromspoil,coalandgroundwater.Effectivemanagementofdissolvedsaltscanprovideopportunitiesforreducingrisksandcostsinmanagingwaterandtheenvironment,processingefficiency,productqualityandoperating/maintenance.
Inordertomanagebothwaterqualityandquantityinanintegratedsystemtomeetmultipleobjectivesoncoalminesrequiresanunderstandingofthenatureandsourcesofsalts;thedynamicsofthesaltfluxesonasite;andtheimpactofwaterqualityonproductionandproductquality.Thesefactorsmustalsobebalancedagainsttheriskofnon-compliantdischarge.Theaimofthisworkwastoincreaseunderstandingofthemineandclimateconditionsthatresultinsaltfluxesfromvariouspartsofthesiteintotheminewaterreticulationsystem.Withthisinformation,operationalguidelinescanbedevelopedthatallowsitestoproactively,ratherthanreactivelymanagethewatersystemtomeetmultipleobjectives.
Thispaperwillpresentdatathatillustratetheresponsesofrepresentativewaterbodiesonthesitestochangingclimaticconditions.Previousmodellingofwaterandsaltfluxeshasassumedthatsaltsbehaveconservatively,iethatsaltconcentrationofawaterbodywillonlychangeindirectproportiontothemixingofinputwaterswithdifferentsaltconcentrations(egMoranetal,2006).Whilethisisagenerallyacceptableassumptionforpredictingtotalsaltconcentrationsandtheoverallimplicationsofwatermanagementstrategies,manyindividualionscomprisingthesaltloadmayparticipateinbiogeochemicalreactionswhichmaydramaticallyaltertheioncompositionofawaterbody.Thisalteredioncompositionmayhaveimpactsonparticularprocesses.Forexample,itisknownthatdivalentcations(MgandCa)providegreaterflotationbenefitsduringcoalwashingthanmonovalentcations(Oforietal,2005).Thusitisimportanttonotonlyunderstandthedynamicsoftotalsaltsonasitebutalsotheprincipalprocessesgoverningtheconcentrationsofindividualionscomprisingthesalts.
Oneofthedifficultiesinunderstandingthedynamicsofwaterandsaltsonminesitesisthatitisdifficulttodistinguishbetweenwaterfromdifferentsourcesandthereforeaccuratelyattributesaltfluxes.Inputsfromanumberofwatersources,eggroundwater,run-off,etccannotbemetered.InthisworkstableisotopesOxygen-18(denotedd18O)andDeuterium(denoteddD)havebeenusedinconjunctionwithgeochemicalsignaturestotraceinputsfromtheseunmeteredwatersources
6Timesseriesofcation(top)andanion(bottom)concentrationchangesdeterminedinsurfacewatersofPitF.Average(z1sd).Deepwaterconcentrationsareshownforcomparison
7Cation(top)andAnion(bottom)compositionofrun-offfromspoilandroad
Run-offcomposition
Althoughrun-offfromspoilisnotalargeinputtoPitFduetothesmallcatchmentarea,thecontributionviathisprocessappearstoimpactthesurfacewaterioncompositionasdiscussedbelow.Thisprocessmayhaveamorepronouncedimpactonthewaterqualityofwaterstoreswithlargercatchmentareasorareaswithhighlyactivespoil.ChangestorainfallcompositionduringrunofffromspoilandroadsisshowninFigure7andtotalconcentrationsasaproportionoftotalionsinFigure8.RainfallcompositionistakenfromBrasellandGilmour(1980)andProbert(1976).Basedonthemethodofcollectionandsimilaritybetweenthed18OandDdcompositionoftherun-offsamplesandrainfall(Figure9),therun-offsamplescollectedinthisstudyarelikelytomostlyreflectcompositionofsurfaceorfastflowpathrun-offratherthanrun-offfromrainfallthathasinfiltratedthespoilbeforeflowingtothepit.Fastflowpathrun-offmayalsoincludeinfiltrationthroughcracksorfracturesinthespoil.Thustheioncompositionofthesesamplesmaydiffersignificantlyfromthetotalrun-off(surfacezinfiltration)enteringthepitduringeventsduetotheshortercontacttimeoftherainwaterwithspoil.Ongoingworkisbeingconductedtoelucidatetherelativeimportanceofsurfaceanddeeperflowpathsthroughspoilandconsequentioninputsdeliveredtothepitsunderdifferentconditions.
WhatisapparentfromFigures7and8isthatthereisconsiderablevariabilityinboththeamountofsaltsdeliveredviarun-offandtherelativeproportionofionsinsolution.ComparisonoftheratioofCa,MgrelativetoNaandCl:
SO4betweenPitFrun-offandraincompositionisconsistentwiththeobservedchangesinsurfacewatercompositionshowninFigure6.Variabilitybetweenthespoilrun-offsamplesislikelytoreflectspatialvariabilityinthespoilpropertiesacrossthesite.Further,Gozzard
8Relativeproporationofcations(top)andanions(bottom)determinedinrun-offfromspoilandhaulroads
etal(thisvolume)suggestedthatbothsaltdissolutionandcationexchangewithclaysmaybeimportantmechanismsbywhichthecationcompositionchangesduringrun-offfrospoil.ComparisonofaveragepitwatercompositionforPitFandQswithrun-offcompositionandsequentiallyextractedsaltandexchangeablefractionsfrmomspoilsamples(Figure10)suggeststhatthemechanismbywhichcationsaremobilisedtosolutionarealsospatiallyvariable.ThedynamicsofcationcompositioninPitQsandassociatedrun-off,forexample,appearstobedominatedbysaltdissolution.Incontrastthecationcompositionofbothrun-offandthesaltfractionforPitFarefarmorevariable(Figure10b).ComparisonofrunoffandthesequentialextractiondatawiththePitFcompositionsuggeststhatwhilesaltdissolutionislikelytobeanimportantinputmechanism,cationexchangemayalsoplayasignificantroleindeterminingthecompositionofrun-offfromrehabilitatedareastothepit.
Providingconsistentwaterqualityforcoalwashing
Inmostcasessitescanadaptprocessestoaccommodatedifferentwaterquality.Forexample,mostcoalminesintheBowenBasinhaveshiftedfromusingfreshwatertosaltywaterforcoalwashing.Inthisinstanceswitchingtosaltywaterprovidedbenefitsbyimprovingflotationwithreducedreagentuse(Oforietal,2005).However,insituationswherewaterqualitychangesonrelativelyshorttimescalessuchasshowninFigure4,adaptationisnotusuallypossiblebecauseinmostcasessitesdonothavesufficientinformationortoolstopredictchangesinwaterquality.OftenitisassumedintheCHPPthatchangesinROMcoalpropertiesarethesourceofvariationinflotationperformance.Propertiesofthefeedcoalaremonitoredwhereaswaterqualityparametersarenottypicallymonitored.Figure11showschangesinflotationreagentuseduringthewetseasonof2007/2008.Itcanbeseenthatbothfrotherandcollectorusagewasincreasedasflotationyieldsdecreasedduetothelowerconductivityofthefeedwater.Duringthisperiodwhilethereweresomechangesinfeedcoalproperties,theprimaryfactoraffectingflotationwasthechangestowaterquality.Duringtheserainfalleventstheoperatorswerenotawareoftheconductivitychangesinthefeedwaterandsowererespondingreactivelyratherthanproactivelytomaintainproduction.
AtGermanCreekprovidingrelativelyconsistentwaterqualityforcoalwashing,evendur
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