《大学物理实验》第一册习题与思考题doc.docx
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《大学物理实验》第一册习题与思考题doc.docx
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《大学物理实验》第一册习题与思考题doc
《大学物理实验》第一册习题与思考题
ExercisesandthinkingquestionsinthefirstvolumeofCollegePhysicsExperiment
Chapter1experimentalmeasurementuncertaintyanddataprocessingexercises
1.pointsoutwhichofthefollowingaresystematicerrors,andwhichonesareaccidentalerrors:
AA.scaleisnotuniform
B.experimenterbias
C.scalesarescaledbychangesintemperature
D.minimumdivisionafteronemeter
C・verniercalipersarenotzero
FrictionofpointerofF・electricmeter
G・parallax
2.thefo11owingvaluesareexpressedasstandardnumbersofvalidnumbers
(1)thespeedoflightis二299792458100meterspersecond
(2)regongdangliang=4183000040000ERG/card
(3)specificheat0.0017300.0005card/gramdegree;
(4)thechargeofelectronis=4.803010-10.Accurateto0.1%
(5)9876.52accurateto0.2%
3.・Pleaseindicatethecorrectvalidfiguresofthefollowingvaluesinparentheses:
(1)3.467+0.2()
(2)746+2()
(3)0.002654+0.0008()
(4)6523.587+0.3()
4.thefollowingkindsofarithmeticoperationsarecorrect,buttheydonottakeintoaccounttheproblemofvalidnumbers・Assumethatthelastofthefollowingvaluesisestimated(suspicious)・Pleasegivevalidnumbersinparenthesestoindicatethecorrectanswer・
(1)(1.732)(1.74)二3.01368();
(2)(10.22)(0.0832)(0.41)=0.34862464();
⑶()(4)628.7/7.8=80.6026()
(5)(17.34-17.13)(14.28)=2.9988();
5.expressionsforcalculatinglowerformresultsandtheiruncertainty・
N二A+2B+C-5D
Setting:
A=38.2060.001cmB=13.24870.0001cm
C二161.250.01cmD=l.32420.0001cm
6.thediameterofacylinderis(2.140.02)cm,anditscrosssectionalareaiscalculated・
7.,twocomponent(10.200.04)cmand(3.010.03)cm,howtoexpresstheuncertaintywhenitisadded?
Howdoyouexpresstheuncertaintywhenmultiplying?
The8.sidesofacubeblockis(10.3+0.2)cm,quality(8665+8)g,tryrepresentationforitsdensityofuncertainty?
Theresultsareexpressedinunitsofgram/centimeter・
9.writetheexpressionsfortheuncertaintyofthefollowingfunctions,whichareexpressedintermsofarithmeticsynthesisandgeometricsynthesisofuncertainty・(inthemostappropriateway,chooseonefromuncertaintyorrelativeuncertainty)
(2)ofwhichisconstant
(4)
10.witharangeof125mmverniercalipertomeasureaballdiameter10times,knownas0.02iT)minstrumentminimumscalevalue,themaximumpermissibleerroroftheinstrumentintheinstrument二0.02mm,themeasurementdataareasfollows:
frequency
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Three
pointthreetwo
Three
pointthreefour
Three
pointthreesix
Three
pointthreezero
Three
pointthreefour
Three
pointthreeeight
Three
pointthreezero
Three
pointthreetwo
Three
pointthreefour
Three
Thirty-six
Foraseriesofmeasurementstheaveragevalueandstandarddeviation,byaseriesofmeasurementA,classBandsynthesisstandarduncertainty・
11.theexperimentaldataofYoung'smodulusmeasuredbyelongationmethod,changetheweight,measuretheelongation
ofsteelwire,andthedataareasfollows:
frequency
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Zero
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Zero
Onepointoneone
Twopointtwoone
Threepointtwofive
Fourpointtwofive
Fivepointtwozero
Sixpointonefive
Sevenpointthreeone
Theslopeiscalculatedbyusingthesuccessivedifferencemethod,themappingmethodandthecomputerlinearfittingmethod,andtheuncertaintyisanalyzed・
12.themeasurementoflightspeedinvacuuminthepastyearsisasfollows:
therepresentationoftheweightratioanditsuncertainty・
Ageworkermethodresults(km/s)uncertainty(km/s)
1907Rosa,DorseyEsu/emu299784151928KarolusKerrbox29978615
1947Essenresonantcavity2997924
1949Aslaksonradar299792.42.4
1951Bergstantphotoelectricrangefinder299793・1,0.26
1954Froomemicrowaveinterferometer299792・75,0.3
1964,Rank,etc.,band299792.&0.4
1972BayequalfrequencystabilizedHe~Nelaser299792.4620.018
1973adjustment,299792.4580,0.0012
1974BlaneystabilizedfrequencyC02laser299792.45900.0006
1976Woods299792.45880.0002
1980BairdstabilizedfrequencyHe~Nelaser299792.45810.0019
1983internationalagreement299792.458(accuratevalue)
13.measuringthethicknessofathinplatewithfourkindsofinstruments,thedataareasfollows,andtherepresentationoftheweightratioanditsuncertaintyisgiven・
(1)micrometermeasureddl二(1.4030+0.0004)
(2)d2二(1.4064+0.0003)wasmeasuredbymicroscope
(3)
Thediametergaugewasd3二(1.4014+0.0002)(4)d4二(1.405+0.003)wasmeasuredbyalightbarmirror
14.determinationofcertainangleofatotaloftwotimes,thevalueofalpha1+rl=24+3.1degrees13'36〃・
and
Alpha2+r2=24+13.8degrees13'24“,thepowerratioandtheuncertaindegreeofrepresentation.
15.,a,B,twopeopleuseagoniometertomeasurethesurfaceangleofacrystal.Theresultisasfollows・Trytofindtheweightratioandtheuncertaintyexpressionoftheresultofthetwoperson.・
Methylethyl24234024°
24234524°
24233524°/…°23/60…
24233624°/…°23/20…
第三章基木实骑习题与思考题
一、长度和固体密度的测量思考题
lo天平的使用规则中,哪些规定是为了保护刀口。
2o用米尺、20分尺游标卡尺和螺旋测微计分别单次测量同一金属板的厚度,若测量值都是4nrni,那么这三个测量值分别应如何记录才是止确?
3。
螺旋测微装置,其测微螺杆的螺距为0.5mm,微分筒周界刻有100等分格,试问该装置的分度值为多少?
二、伸长法测定杨氏弹性模量思考题
lo本实验中,为什么测量不同的长度要用不同的仪器进行?
它们的最大允差各是多少?
2o根据实验不确定度几何合成方法,写出杨氏模量的相对不确定度的表达式,并指出哪一个测量影响最大。
3o本实验所用的逐差法处理数据,体现了逐差法的哪些优点?
若釆用相邻两项相减,然后求其平均值,有何缺点?
4。
若将作为光杠杆的”放大倍率”,试根据你所得的数值计算的值,你能想出几种改变”放大倍率”的方法来吗?
5o光杠杆法有何特点?
你能应用光杠杆法设计一个测定引力常量的物理实验吗?
三、弦线上波的传播思考题
lo安装设备时,若图331中一、B及P三点不在同一直线上,对实验结果有何影响?
它使弦线受到的实际张力较大或小?
2o测定波长时应当测一个驻波的匸度或几个驻波的长度?
为什么?
三•试分析固定张力法测音叉频率的不确定度来源?
四、气垫弹簧振子的简谐振动思考题
lo在测量周期时,挡光片的宽度对测量结果有无影响?
为什么?
其影响大小如何?
2o弹簧的实际质量必须远小于滑块质量,为什么?
五、声速的测定思考题
lo本实验处理数据时,用逐差法求波长、试说明有什么优点,其物理意义是什么?
2o如果信号发生器的频率未调整到谐振状态,对测量结果会不会影响?
为什么?
3o是否可以用此方法测定超声波在其他媒质(如液体和固体)中的传播速度?
六、电热当量的测定思考题
1。
试用不确定度传递公式计算木实验的相对确定度,指出哪一个量对测量结果的影响最大。
2o切断电源后,水温还会上升少许,然后才开始下降,记录及用作图法求时,应如何处理方为正确?
三.
Whylimitthetemperatureriserateofheating?
Whatistheeffectoftoolargeortoolittletemperatureriserateontheexperimentalresults?
4.,accordingtoNewton'slawofcooling,canyouproposeacorrectionmethoddifferentfromthisexperimentalhandout?
Seven,themeasurementoficedissolvedResiquestions
1.whydoiceandwaterhaveacertainproportionofquality?
Whatwouldhappeniftheicewastooinvolved?
What'sthelimitofwatertemperatureaftermelting?
2.whydoesthetemperaturedropfromaboveroomtemperaturetobelowroomtemperature?
Whatifthetemperaturechangesarelowerthantheroomtemperaturethroughouttheexperiment?
Eight・Determinationofvoltamperecharacteristicsofresistanceelements
1.,theuseofvariousmetersshouldpayattentiontowhatarethemainproblems?
2.howdoyoudeterminethenumberofvaliddigitsofthemeasurementresultsbasedontheaccuracylevelofthemeter?
3.whatisthesignificanceofthevoltamperecharacteristicofthemeasuringelement?
4.howtoreducetheaccesserrorofammeterbymeasuringtheresistancewithvoltammetry?
5.cantheresistanceofthenonlinearcomponentbemeasuredbyamultimeter?
Why?
6.thecharacteristiccurvesobtainedfromexperimentsshowthedifferencebetweenstaticresistanceanddynamicresistancecharacteristics
Nine,theexpansionofthemeterandcalibrationthinking
1.ifthe10mAammeterwhichisrefittedbythisexperimentismistakenlyusedastheDCvoltmetertomeasurethe100Vvoltage,thenthepowerofthemeterispassedbythemeter
Whatisthef1ow?
Whatwillhappen?
2.whatisvoltagesensitivity?
Whatistheinfluenceofvoltagesensitivityonmeasurement?
Thesensitivityofthevoltmeterdesignedinthisexperiment
Howmuchisit?
3.afullscalecurrentfortheinternalresistanceofthemeter,andnowwanttochangetotherightshownintheequivalentcurrentrange,theequivalentinternalresistanceforthesumofhowmuch?
4.whatisthepracticalsignificanceofdrawingacorrectioncurve?
Ten,Wheatstonebridgeproblems
1.whichofthefollowingfactorswillincreasethemeasurementerrorofthebridge?
Thevoltageofthepowersupplydropsgreatly;
Thesupplyvoltagefluctuatesslightly;
Thegalvanometersensitivityisnothighenough;
Thegalvanometerhasnozeroalignment;
Inmeasuringlowresistance,thewireresistancecannotbeignored・
2.whatproblemsshouldwepayattentiontointheexperimentaloperationofthebridge?
Themethodofbridgebalanceissummedup.
Eleven,usedoublebridgetomeasurelowresistancethinkingquestion
1.dualbridgecircuitmustbesatisfiedwiththeChinesestyle,why?
2.whenmeasuringthemetalbarresistivity,whatisthedistancebetweenthetwoeffectivepointsL?
3.,ifwefindthatthesensitivityofthebridgeisnothighenough,whatmeasurescanbetakeninprinciple?
Whatarethelimitationsofthesemeasures?
Twelve・UseHolzereffecttomeasuremagneticfieldthinking
1,ifthenormaldirectionoftheHolzerpieceisnotinaccordancewiththedirectionofthemagneticfieldB,howwilltheHolzervoltagemeasurementresultbeaffected?
2,howtomeasurethesensitivityofHolzercomponents?
3,howtomeasuretherelativepermeabilityofelectromagneticironcorewithHolzerelement?
4,ifthemagneticinductionintensityBandHolzerelementLBplaneisnotcompletelyorthogonal,accordingtotheformula(3-12-4)calculatedmagneticinductionintensityBthantheactualvalueoflargeorsmall?
IftheHolzerelementisfreetorotateinspace,howdoyoudeterminethedirectionoftheBinthesamedirectionasthecomponent?
Howexactlyshouldtheexperimentbeconductedtoaccuratelymeasurethemagneticfield?
5,th
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