阅读中的写作 Writing from Reading.docx
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阅读中的写作 Writing from Reading.docx
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阅读中的写作WritingfromReading
Chapter1:
TheSimpleSentence
Thisfirstchapterofyourtextbookstartswiththebuildingblocksofwriting:
wordsandsimplesentences.Asimplesentenceincludesasubjectandaverbandanideathatmakesthefoundationforalltheothertypesofsentenceswewrite.Itiscrucialforyoutounderstandwhataverbisandwhataverbisnot.Itisequallyimportantforyoutobeabletoaccuratelyidentifythesubjectofasentence.Onceyouknowhowtoaccuratelyidentifytheverbandthesubject,youcancreatealltypesofsentencesthatwillmakeyourwritingevenbetter.
Theeasiestpointtostartwithistheverb.Verbscanbeeitheractionwordsorbeingwords.Verbsoftenneedhelperssothischapterincludesalistofhelpingverbs.Inaddition,verbsoftenappearinotherformslike-ing.Theseformsarenotmainverbsandthischapterexplainshowtoidentifytheseverbs.
Onceyouhavelocatedtheverb(s)inasentence,thenextstepistofindthesubject.Findingthesubjectisaseasyasaskingthequestion"Whoorwhatisdoingthataction?
"Justasverbshaveafewexceptionssodosubjects.Inthischapteryouwilllearnaboutprepositionalphrasesandtheirroleinasentence.Chapter1alsolooksatcomplexwordorderandhowtoidentifythesubjectsandverbsinasentencewhenthewordorderisalittleunusual.
Onceyouhavemasteredthebasicbuildingblocksofasentenceyouwillbereadytostartwritingsentencesinvariouswaysthatwillmakeyourwritinginteresting.
Chapter2:
BeyondtheSimpleSentence
Thischapterisabouthowtomovepastusingsimplebasicsentencesintousingcompoundsentences.Whensentencesarecombinedtheygiveanaturalflowandrhythmtoyourwritingthatusingallshortsentencesdoesn'tcreate.
Compoundsentencesarecreatedthroughcoordination.Coordinationistakingtwoormoreindependentclausesandputtingthemintothesamesentenceusingeitheraconjunctionorasemicolonorboth.
Themostimportantelementtomakingcoordinatedsentencesistobecertainthatyouarejoiningtwoindependentclausesinsteadofclausesandphrases.Inadditiontostudyingtheconjunctions,youwillalsostudythepunctuationpatternsforcompoundsentences.Thischapterwillcoverthreedifferentmethodsforcombiningsentences:
usingacoordinatingconjunction,usingaconjunctiveadverb,orusingjustasemicolon.Bythetimeyouhavecompletedthischapteryoushouldbeabletowritesentencesthatvaryinginlengthsothatyourwritinghasamoreflowingstyle.
Chapter3:
AvoidingRunOnSentencesandCommaSplices
Asyourbooktellsyou,ifyouputtwoindependentclausestogetherwithoutproperpunctuation,youhavemadeanerrorcalledarun-onsentence.Anothernameforthiserrorisafusedsentence.ChapterThreeexplainstechniquesforfiguringoutifyouhavemadethiserrorinyourwriting,andifyouhave,howtofixit.ChapterThreewillreviewmuchofwhatyoulearnedinChapterTwoaboutcoordination.Run-onsaregenerallycreatedwhenyouattempttocoordinatesentencesanddon'tusethecorrectpunctuation.Inadditiontorun-ons,youwillreviewhowtocorrectcommasplices.Commasplicesarecreatedwhenyouattempttojointwocompletesentenceswithjustacommaandnocoordinatingconjunction.
Chapter4:
BeyondtheSimpleSentence:
Subordination
Sofaryouhavestudiedhowtoputtwosentencestogetherbycoordinatingthem,thatiskeepingthemequal.ChapterFourexploressubordinationwhichisputtingsentencestogetherbyturningoneofthemintoadependentclause.Adependentclauseisstillaclause;ithasasubjectandaverb,butdoesNOTmakesensebyitself.Adependentclausedependsonanotherindependentclauseinordertomakesense.
Dependentclausesarecreatedbyusingsubordinatingconjunctionstojointhetwosentences.Thesubordinatingconjunctioncanbeaddedateitherthebeginningofthefirstsentenceorbetweenthetwosentencesyouarejoining.Thissentencepatternofoneindependentclauseandoneormoredependentclausesiscalledacomplexsentence.Punctuatingcomplexsentencesisfairlysimple.Ifthedependentclausebeginsthesentencethenacommaisusedattheendofthedependentclause.Iftheindependentclausebeginsthesentence,thennocommaisnecessary.Usingsubordinationandcoordinationhelpsyourwritingbygivingitvarietyandinterestinthesentencestructures.
Chapter5:
CombiningSentences:
AReviewofYourOptions
AsyoulearnedinChapterTwo,sentencevarietyiscrucialtogoodwriting.Usingnothingbutshortsimplesentencesmakeswritingseemchoppy.Youlearnedtocreatesentencevarietywithcompoundsentences.ThecompoundsentenceismadethroughcoordinationusingoneofthethreemethodsofsentencecombiningcoveredinChapterTwo.Thesemethodsincludedusingacommaandacoordinatingconjunctiontojointwoindependentclauses(sentences),usingasemicolon,usingaconjunctiveadverbwhichispunctuatedwithasemicolonandacomma.
InChapterFour,youlearnedanothermethodofcombiningsentencesusingsubordination.Subordinationchangesanindependentsentenceintoadependentclauseandjoinsthetwosentencestogethertocreateonecomplexsentence.Asentenceischangedintoadependentclausebyaddingasubordinatingconjunctiontothebeginningofoneofthesentences.Thetwosentencesarejoinedtogetherbyputtingthedependentclauseeitheratthebeginningortheendoftheindependentsentence.ChapterFivereviewsthesefiveoptionsforsentencecombiningandgivesyouthelistofallthetypesofconjunctionsinahandychart.
Chapter6:
AvoidingSentenceFragments
Asentenceisdefinedasagroupofwordscontainingasubject,averb,andacompletethought.Ifanyoftheseelementsismissing,thenthegroupofwordsisn'tasentence.Afragmentisagroupofwordsthatispunctuatedlikeasentenceandthatistryingtofunctionasasentence,butoneofthenecessaryelementsismissing.
Thereareseveralwaystofindandcorrectfragments.Anygroupofwordsfunctioningasasentenceshouldbecheckedforthebasics.Doesithaveasubject?
Doesithaveaverb?
Doesitstartwithasubordinatingconjunctionorarelativepronounthatkeepsthethoughtfrombeingcomplete?
Iftheanswertoanyofthequestionsisno,itisafragment.
Correctingfragmentsisfairlysimpleandyouhaveseveraloptions.Forafragmentthatismissingasubjectorverb,addthemissingelement.Iftheproblemisasubordinatingconjunction,theconjunctioncanberemovedwhichwouldmakethefragmentacompletesentence.Anotheroptionistojointhefragmenttoanothersentenceeitherbeforeitorafteritintheparagraphcreatingacomplexsentence.
Nomatterhowyouchoosetocorrectthefragment,itisimportantforyoutoeliminatethemfromyourwriting.Fragmentsareconsideredtobeamajorgrammaticalerrorinwritingbecausetheyindicatethatthewriterisn'tsurewhatasentenceis.Readerswilloftennotpayattentiontothepointawriterismakingifthereaderthinksthewriterdoesn'tevenunderstandhowtowriteacompletesentence.
Chapter7:
UsingParrallelismInSentences
Parallelismisachievingbalanceinsentences.Whenyoupresentsimilarpointsinasentence,thosepointsshouldhavesimilarstructure.Thismeansthatifyouhavealistofadjectives,thateachwordyouuseinthelistisanadjective.Ifyouarepresentingaseriesofverbs,theverbsallusethesameformandtense.Whensentencesaren'tparalleltheyareoftenveryawkwardanddifficulttoread.Readersshouldnotbedistractedfromthemeaningofyourwritingbecauseyoursentencesaren'tunderstandable.
Parallelismisachievedbyfindingthelistwithinasentenceandthencheckingtoseewhattypeofstructurebestsuitsyourmeaning.Sometimesaprepositioncanintroducealistofthreeobjects;atothertimes,eachobjectwillneeditsownpreposition.Youmakethosedecisionswhenyouevaluatethesentenceyouaretryingtomakeparallel.
Chapter8:
UsingAdjectivesandAdverbs
Adjectivesandadverbsarethewordsweusetodescribe.Adjectivesdescribenounsandpronounsandadverbsdescribeverbs,adjectives,andotheradverbs.Withoutadjectivesandadverbswewouldnothavetheabilitytodistinguishbetweensimilaritems.
Adjectivesgenerallyappearbeforethewordtheydescribe.Theycanalsoappearafterabeingverblikeis,are,was,were,am,hasbeenaswellasotherbeingverbslikefeels,looks,seems,smells,andsounds.Whenadjectivesareusedwithbeingverbstheywillfollowtheverbratherthanappearingbeforethenounorpronoun.
Adverbsdescribeverbs,adjectives,andotheradverbs.AdverbsanswerquestionslikeHow?
Howmuch?
Howoften?
When?
Where?
andWhy?
Adverbscanappeareitherbeforeorafterthewordtheydescribe.
Thereareafewadjectivesandadverbsthatcanbeconfusedsuchasgoodandwellandbadandbadly.Goodandbadareadjectives;wellandbadlyareadverbs.Itisalsoimportantnottoconfuseadjectiveswhenyouaremakingcomparisons.Whenyouarecomparingtwoitems,youusethecomparativeforminwhichtheadjectiveendswith-erasincolderorhasthewordmoreinfrontofitasinmoreintelligent.Thesuperlativeformcomparesthreeormoreitemsanduseseither-estorthewordmosttocreateitsform.Adjectivesandadverbsareoftenusedinmakingcomparisonsbecauseadjectivesandadverbsarethetoolsweusetodistinguishoneitemfromanother.
Chapter9:
CorrectingProblemswithModifiers
Adjectives,adverbs,andprepositionalphrasesareallpartofagroupofwords,clauses,andphrasesthataremodifiers.Modifiersdescribenouns,pronouns,andverbsinasentence.Modifiershelptomakeyourwritingvivid,clear,
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