姚陈康定稿.docx
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姚陈康定稿.docx
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姚陈康定稿
ChapterIIntroduction
Differentculturaltraditionsandwaysofdevelopmentleadto distinctivemodesofthinking.Theessenceoftranslationistheshiftbetweendifferentmodes ofthinking.Modeofthinkingdeterminesthewayofexpressing ideas inalanguage.Therefore,differentmodesofthinkingbetweenEnglishandChinesepeopleinevitablyinfluencetheirways of expressingthings intheirownlanguages. Thus,differentmodeofthinkingisanimportantconcernintranslation,andastudyontheinfluenceofdifferentmodesofthinkingofthe twopeoplesonthetranslation betweenthesetwolanguagesisofgreatimportancetosuccessfultranslation.
Beforedetaileddiscussion,wehavetotakeaquickreviewonsomepastandpresentstudiesonthetopic.FuLeioncesummarizeddifferentthinkingmodesbetweentheChineseandtheEnglishpeopleas:
WhentheChinesepeoplechoosetointegrate,induce,indicate,implicit,westernerstendtoanalyze,probe,decode,exploretotheutmost.
Astimegoeson,moreandmorepeoplenoticeandstudythedifferencesofthinkingmodes.ProfessorLianShunengconcludesthedifferencesintotenaspects:
ethicalmindtocognitivemind,integratedmindtoanalyticalmind,intentionalmindtoobject-guidedmind,intuitivemindtologicalmind,imaginarymindtopositivemind,vaguemindtoaccuratemind,seekingforagreementorseekingfordifference,feedbackwardortryinadvance,introversiontoextroversion,inductivemindtodeductivemind.
DoctorLianoncesaid,theprocessoftranslationisfarmorethanconversionoflanguageforms,It'skindofthinkingmodetransformation.Consequently,onemustgetaintensiveresearchtothinkingmodeswhichsharesacloserelationshipwithlanguageandcultureifheorshewantstogetacomprehensiveknowledgetothefeaturesofthoselanguagesandthetransformationbetweenthemortheconnectionsbetweenlanguageandculture.LinYutang,aChinesefamousliterati,oncepointedoutthatnormaltranslationmustbefocusedon"sentencetranslation",ratherthan"wordtranslation".Heexplainedfromlinguisticperspective:
sentencetranslatorstakingworddefinitionsaslivingpartsoforganizedwords.Themeaningwhichasentencewantstoexpressisakindoforganicintegrationofwordconnotations.Allofthesereflectcertainkindsofthinkingmodes.Astothewholetranslatedtexts,onemayfirstgetanaccurateunderstandingofthosecompletesentencesinthesourcetexts.
Basedonsomanypreciousstudiesandviewpointsoftheprevioustranslationtheorists,theauthoraimsat probinginto thedifferentmodesofthinking oftheEnglishandChinesepeople, makingclear themaindifferencesintheirmodesofthinking,andthenexploringtext-translationtechniquesinrelationwiththosegaps.
Thepaperfallsintothefollowingfivechapters.Thefirstchapterintroducesbrieflythesignificanceandpurposeofthisstudy,andaliteraturereviewisalsoincluded.ChapterIIgivesasurveyoftheChineseandEnglishthinkingmodes.Thethirdpartfocusesonthediscussionofthedifferentfeaturesofthetwothinkingmodes.InChapterIV,theauthorproposessomepossibletranslationstrategiestobridgethegapbetweendifferentthinkingmodes.Thefinalpartisaconclusion.
ChapterIIUnderstandingofThinkingMode
Beforestudyinghowthinkingmodesrelateandaffecttexttranslation,itisnecessarytomakeclearwhatthinkingmodeis,howtheyarecategorized,andhowthediversitiesareformed.
2.1Definitionofthinkingmode
Thinkingmodeistheproductionmethodsofintellectualproducts.Itisthedynamicintegrationoftypicalformsofthinking,methodsofthinking,andprocessofthinkingwhenthesubjectreflectstheobject.Eachdifferenttypeofthinkinghasitsownthinkingpattern.Forexample,logicthinkingoftenactswiththehelpofconception,judgmentandreasoningwhilethenon-logicalthinkingoftentakeseffectwithinthepatternofhunch,inspirationorimagination.Ithastwolayersofmeaning:
Oneisthelogicmethodwhichisuniversallyappliedduringthethinkingprocess,suchasinductive&deductivemethods,analyticalorsyntheticmethods,abstractionmethod,comparativemethod,hypotheticalmethodandsoon;theotherconcreteorspecificthinkingmethodswhichcanbedividedaccordingtodifferentthinkingobjects,suchasphilosophymethod,mathematicmethod,systemapproach,controllingproceduresormodelapproachandsoon.Ontheprocessofproducingintellectualproducts,onlycombinedwithconcretethinkingmethods,bepartofthem,canthoselogicalthinkingmodestakerealeffect.Astothinkingprocess,itisthebasiclinealongwhichthethinkingmoderuns.Itisthedynamicintegrationofthinkingpatternandthinkingmethodsduringthethinkingactivities.
2.2Classificationofthinkingmodes
Thinkingmodescanbedividedintodiversifiedcategoriesinaccordancewithdifferentperspectives,standards,featuresandunderstandings.Accordingtothefeaturesofthosethinkingactivities,theycanbedividedintoperceivedthinkingmodes,imaginativethinkingmodes,scientificthinkingmodes,beliefs.Basedonthepropertyofthinkingmodes,theycanbecategorizedintosubjectivethinkingorobjectivethinking.Moreover,theymaybegroupedintodaily-lifethinkingoroccupationalthinkingaccordingtotheircontent.Inviewoftheirtasks,theycanalsobeclassifiedintocognitivethinkingorpracticalthinking.Tobottomontheirstructures,theycanbesortedintolinearthinkingorsystematicthinking,lateralthinkingorverticalthinking.Inthelightoftheirterritory,theycanbetypedintoorientaloroccidentalthinking,continentaloroceanicthinking.
Inaword,thinkingmodeisacomplicatedsystem,whosetypeandclassificationarestillonfurtherresearching.
2.3Formationofvariousthinkingmodes
Everytypeofthinkingmodeisformedinacertainenvironment.Individuals,fromdifferentenvironments,bothculturalandgeographical,mayappeardifferentintheirthinkingmodes.
Differentnationsliveintheirparticularnaturalgeographicalenvironment,havingdifferenthistorybackgroundsandculturaltraditions,andthustheyformedtheirownuniquethinkingmodes.
ChapterIIIDifferentCharacteristicsofChineseandEnglishThinkingModes
ThispartistodiscussthedifferentcharacteristicsofChineseandwesternthinkingmodesinholisticthinkingvs.analyticalthinking,circularthinkingvs.linearthinking,successivethinkingvs.reversedthinking,andconcretethinkingvs.abstractthinking.Last,theinfluenceofthedifferencesontexttranslation.
3.1Holisticthinkingvs.analyticalthinking
3.1.1Definitionofholisticthinkingandanalyticalthinking
Holisticorunitedthinkingseestheworldasawhole,whichconsistsofmanyparts.Eachpartisrelatedtoanothersoastoformawhole.Tounderstandeverypart,onemustunderstandthewholeatfirst.Inunitedthinking,people'sawarenessusuallyexpandsfromthewholetotheparts.Themoreyouunderstandthewhole,themoreyouunderstandtheparts.
Analyticalthinking,tothecontrary,tendstogiveacleardivisionofthesubjectandobject,humanandnature,spiritandsubstance,thoughtsandrealities,soulandbody;theyseparateandevencontradictwitheachother.Then,itstudiesthemrespectivelyunderthebinomialoppositeworldoutlook.
3.1.2Differentpreferencesunderthesetwothinkingmodes
TheChineseholisticthinkinglookathumanbeingsandnature,theorderofhumanworldandorderoftheuniverse,individualsandthesocietyasanindivisible,interactive,correspondingorganicwhole.Intheir"BookofChange",theChineseancestorspresentedageneralpictureofanorganicwhole.Thenaturalphenomenaandhumanluckwereallsubsumedintothehexagramsystem,whichsetfoundationforthetraditionalChinesethinkingmode.Theirtargetistogetintoaperfect,harmoniousworldinwhichthesubjectiveandobjectiveworldsareinone.Consequently,ithasgraduallyformedafixedwayofthinkingwhichhighlightsstreamofawareness,butignoresthedemonstrationoflogicalforms.
TheEnglishpeople,tothecontrary, believetheycanconquertheworldby gettingfamiliarwith thelawofnature,sotheyarefancytofindthelawbyanalyzingobjectsrespectively.Theydividethewholeintoparts,andanalyzethosecomplexphenomenaandthingsintoconcretedetailsorsimpleelements,thenfurtherstudytheproperty,status,effectandconnectionsbetweeneachpart,everydetailandeachelement,soastounderstandtheiruniqueness,toprovidebasistothecause-and-effectrelationshipbetweenthings.Eachpartorelementisisolated,staticanddivided.
Analyticalthinkingemphasizesonrationalanalysis,highlightstheindividualindependence.Asaresult,ithasformedafixedwayofthinkingbasedonexperience,payingmoreattentiontologicalreasoning.
Whenthisdifferenceisreflectedinlanguage,theChinesefocusonparataxis.Thus,sentencesinChineseareoftenparatactic,concurrent.Theymustbedecidedbythewholecontext.ConjunctionswerenotaswidelyusedasinEnglish.Theirstructureissimpleandneat.TheChinesesentencepatterniscalledrun-onsentences.Thewholesentenceislikeacombinationofindependentclausesrattlingthroughinthechronologicalorlogicalorder.
WhiletheEnglishsentencestructurefollowsacollateral-subordinatedpattern.Englishsentencesareformedbyconjunctions,relationalwords,prepositions,participles,gerundsorinfinitives.Thatistosay,theirframeworkismoreabouthypotaxis.Itsgrammarfollowshierarchicalstructure,sharingacloseandintensecontact.Thefollowingaretypicalexamples.
1)他跳起来,连忙跑到卫生间的镜子前面,拿掉毛巾,仔细察看脸上的伤口。
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