英语专业论文A Contrastive Analysis of Body Language in Between Chinese and American Culture.docx
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英语专业论文AContrastiveAnalysisofBodyLanguageinBetweenChineseandAmericanCulture
AContrastiveAnalysisofBodyLanguageinBetweenChineseandAmericanCulture
AContrastiveAnalysisofBodyLanguageinBetweenChineseandAmericanCulture1
1.Introduction2
Peoplecommunicatewitheachothernotonlybyverbalmeans,butalsobynonverbal.Non-verbalcommunicationmainlyexpressesrealemotionandattitudethroughfacialexpression,gesture,eyebehavior,clothes,sound,etc.Forinstance,wavinghandistoshowfarewell;offeringourhandwithaslightsmiletoothersmeanswelcome.Whenlisteningtoareport,peopleleanagainstthechair,whichsuggeststhattheyarenotinterestedinthereport.2
2.ThedifferencesofbodylanguageinbetweenChineseandAmericanculture3
2.1Eyecontact3
2.2Touch5
2.3Facialexpression8
2.4Gestures10
2.4.1Thesamegestureswithdifferentmeaningsinthetwocultures11
2.4.2Differentgestureswiththesamemeaningsinthetwocultures11
2.4.3Gestureswithcertainmeaningsinoneculture,noequivalentintheotherculture12
2.5Postures13
Posturesareusuallyclassifiedintothreecategories:
stance,bent-kneeposition(whichincludessitting,squatting,andkneeling)andlying.13
TherearemanysimilaritiesbetweenChineseandAmericanpeopleinstanceandsittingposition.Still,thereexistdifferenceswhichmayconfusebothparties.InChina,aslouchingpostureisasignofpoormanneronmanyoccasions,forChinesevalueproperstanceandsittingposition.However,Americansoftenfallintochairsorslouchwhentheystand,becausebeingcasualandfriendlyisvaluedinAmerica.Therearealsoculturaldifferencesasfarasgaitisconcerned.ChinesepeoplemayreproachAmericansforbeingarrogantbecauseoftheirlongstrides.Ontheotherhand,Chinesepeople’sgaitmaybethoughtasshyandtimid.ThedifferencesarecausedbythesimplereasonthatAmericansneedmorespacethanChinesedo.Besides,thereisanotherunderlyingreason:
Chineseculturestressesmodesty,soitisimpropertoswagger.StandingwitharmsakimboiscommoninAmericawithneutralmeaning.Suchaposturemaybeadoptedbothbymenandwomen.Womenadoptthisposturetoshowtheirimpatience.However,suchapostureisregardedasathreatinChina.13
Sittingpostureisaconstantsourceofculturalmisunderstandings.Forexample:
Americansfeelveryrelaxedathomeandintheirprivateoffices.Theymaysometimessitonthecarpetedfloorortheground.ThisistakenasadirtyhabitinChina.WhenChinesehavetositonthefloorortheground,theyinvariablyspreadahandkerchieforanewspaper.Americansinturnwouldinterpretthistobeadirtyhabitbecausetothem,handkerchiefsshouldnotbeusedtomopthefloor,norshouldnewspapersbelitteredhereandthere.WhenAmericanteacherssitonthedeskinclasstocreatealightatmosphere,Chinesestudentsareoftenshockedbythat.Besides,anAmericaninhisprivateofficemayleanfarbackinhischairorevenputhislegsupondeskwhentalkingonthephoneortootherpeople.Tothem,itisasignofbeingrelaxed.Amaleleadermayputhislegsuponthedesktoshowhisamicabilityandfriendliness.Nevertheless,suchapostureisextremelyoffensivetoChinese.14
Fromthesedifferences,wemaynotethevalues,norms,andbeliefsofChineseandAmericanofculture,whichisreflectedinthenonverbalcodes.IntheUnitedStates,theemphasisisuponinformality,butChineseemphasizethegoodmannerreflectedinstandingorsitting.Awell-knownsayingmayproveit:
(weshould)standasstraightasapineandsitasuprightasabell.15
2.6Distance15
3.ThesimilaritiesofbodylanguageinbetweenChineseandAmericanculture16
4.Conclusion17
1.Introduction
Peoplecommunicatewitheachothernotonlybyverbalmeans,butalsobynonverbal.Non-verbalcommunicationmainlyexpressesrealemotionandattitudethroughfacialexpression,gesture,eyebehavior,clothes,sound,etc.Forinstance,wavinghandistoshowfarewell;offeringourhandwithaslightsmiletoothersmeanswelcome.Whenlisteningtoareport,peopleleanagainstthechair,whichsuggeststhattheyarenotinterestedinthereport.
Allofusfeelthatitismoredifficulttocommunicatewiththeforeignersbytelephonethantodoitfacetoface.Thisisjustbecausethereisnohelpfromnonverbalorbodylanguage.Psychologistestimatesthatsixtytoeightypercentofallcommunicationisconductedthroughnon-verbalcommunication.It’sbelievedthattheinformationdeliveredbyaperson’sappearanceandactionismuchmorethanthatofaperson’swords.Birdwhistell,anAmericanscholar,deemsthatamongallmeansofexpressingmeaningandemotion,morethansixty-fivepercentisfinishedthroughfacialexpression,action,gesture,posture,etc.SomestudiesinAmericaindicatethatinexpressingemotionandattitude,intonationandfacialexpressioncanconveymorethanninety-threepercentofinformationwhilelanguagecanonlydeliveraboutsevenpercentofinformation.Fromthefingersmentionedabove,weknowthatnon-verbalcommunicationplaysanimportantroleininterculturalcommunication.Itcantransmitmuchmoreinformationandemotion.Bodylanguageisameansofnon-verbalcommunication.
Withtheglobalizationofeconomyandcultureintheworld,communicationbetweendifferentcultureshasbecomeaninevitabletrend.Owingtoculturaldifferences,thesamebodylanguagehasdifferentmeaningsindifferentcultures,whichcausesalotoftroubleininterculturalcommunication.Therefore,itisofgreatimportanceforustobeawareoftheculturaldifferencesofbodylanguageininterculturalcommunication.ThisthesisfocusesonthecontrastiveanalysisofbodylanguageinbetweenChineseandAmericanculture.
2.ThedifferencesofbodylanguageinbetweenChineseandAmericanculture
2.1Eyecontact
Eyesareaveryimportantcommunicationtool.They’re“thewindowofsoul”,becauseeyescangiveusalotofrealinformation.Eyecontactisoneofthemostimportantaspectsofdealingwithothers.Ithappensbetweentwopersons.Thesenderusesthemtoconveyinformationandthereceiverusesthemtogetinformation.Indrama,fiction,poetryandmusic,eyeshavealwaysbeenafascinatingtopic,fromShakespeare’s“thoutalk’smethereismurderinmineeye”toBobDylan’s“Youreyessaidmoretomethatnightthanyourlipswouldeversay”tothelyric“yourlipstellmeno,no,butthere’syes,yesinyoureyes”Gazeandglancearespecialuseofeyecontact.Theyareimportantinallcultures,andcansignalinterest,attraction,approval,challenge,orturn-taking.
ThemaindifferenceofeyecontactinbetweenChineseandAmericanculturefocusesoneyeetiquette.TheChinesedonothavemucheyecontactinconversationbecauseinChineseculture,staringatanotherforalongtimeisconsideredasaninvasionofprivacy,anactofdefianceordemonstrationoflackoftrust.Contrasttothat,Americanadultdemandchildrenlookatthemwhiletheyarespeaking.Americancustomdemandsthereshouldbeeyecontacttoindicateattention.Toolittleeyecontactmaybeseenimpolite.Thisappliestoboththespeakerandthelistener.Iftheydon’tdoso,itwouldimplyanumberofthings,suchasfear,contempt,uneasiness,guilt,andindifference.Thesaying“nevertrustapersonwhodarenotlookyouintheeyes”confirmstheimportanceofeyecontactinconversation.
InAmerica,eveninpublicspeaking,thereshouldbeplentyofeyecontact.Ifthespeakerburyhisnoseinhismanuscriptinsteadoflookingatandtalkingtohisaudiences,whichsomeChinesespeakersareinthehabitofdoingandthelistenerscanchoosetolisten,takenotesandevenglanceoverthedatainthepast,itwouldberegardedasinconsiderateanddisrespectful.InAmericanculture,peopleareexpectedtopaytheirattentiontothepeopletheytalktobymaintainingcorrespondingeyecontact.
StaringatpeopleorholdingaglancetoolongisconsideredimproperinAmerica.Itmaymakepeopleuneasyandembarrassed.However,itwasinterestingthattheordinaryandimplicitChinesestaredatthestrangeforeignerscuriouslyintheopentime.Infact,thebehaviorhadviolatedthetabooofcommunication.Americanscanonlystareatnon-personslikeanimals,pictures,andscenery.Ifpeoplearestaredat,theyarenotregardedashumanbeings.Beingunawareofit,Chinesepeopleoffendthemmanytimes.ManyAmericanstravelingtoChinafindbeinglookedatisanunnervingexperiencebecausetheirculture’sdefinitionofitisbeingrudeandunwelcoming.However,accordingtoChineseculture,thispracticeisquitecommonanditisnothingmorethancuriosity.
2.2Touch
Likeourwords,movementsaremessagesaboutwhatwearethinkingandfeeling.Itistruewithtouch.Touchcanindicatemanythings,includingaffection,aggression,andthetypeofstatusorrelationshipwhichexistsbetweenpeople.Thewayadentist,doctor,orbarbertouchessomeonewilldifferfromthewayhe/shetouchesoristouchedbyhis/herfriendsandfamilies.
Generallyspeaking,wecanregardAmericaasnon-contactculture.Americanstrytheirbesttoavoidtouchingstrangersinpublic.WhenAmericansstandinline,theyalwaystrytokeepadistancefromothers.Ifsomeoneistooclosewithhim,thefirstreactionisfallingback.Ifnot,hewillinclineasideandcontracthismuscle.Iftheinvaderhasn’treactedtothesignal,hewillusethebagwhichhetakeswithhimorotherthingstoprotecthim.Incontrast,Chinaisacountryoftogetherness,andChinabelongstocontactculture.InChina,thesenseofprivatespaceiscomparativelyweak.Crowdednessisquiteordinarybecauseofthelargepopulation.Pe
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