国际经济学 克鲁格曼19章题库ch19.docx

国际经济学 克鲁格曼19章题库ch19.docx

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国际经济学克鲁格曼19章题库ch19

TESTBANKOFINTERNATIONALECONOMICS

PartⅠ.Fillintheblankwithsuitablecontent.

1.Seventhemesrecurthroughoutthestudyofinternationaleconomics.Theseare,,,thebalanceofpayments,exchangeratedetermination,internationalpolicycoordination,internationalcapitalmarket.

2.Countriesengageininternationaltradefortwobasicreasons:

and.

3.Acountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingagoodif

ofproducingthatgoodintermsofothergoodsislowerinthatcountrythanitisinothercountries.

4.Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction.

、

and

、

aretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.If,Homehasacomparativeadvantageincheese.

/

istherelativepriceofcheese,whenHomeandForeignspecializeinproducingcheeseandwine,respectively.

5.Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction.

、

and

、

aretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.LandL*areHome’sandForeign’slaborforce.If

/

<

/

<

/

theworldrelativesupplyofcheeseequals.Home’sgainsfromindirectlyproducingwinecanbeshownas

6.Inspecificfactorsmodel（QM=QM（K,LM）;QF=QF（T,LF）;L=LM+LF）,ifHomeproducesandtradesmanufacturedgoodsforfood,theoverallcomparisonofthefivechangerateofgoodspriceandfactorprice

、

、

、

、

insideHomeis.Thatis,therealincomeofcapitalistsincrease,itcanbeshownas.

7.Therearetwomainreasonswhyinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonthedistributionofincome.First,

Second.

8.IntheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,Comparativeadvantageisinfluencedbytheinteractionbetweenand

9.Accordingto,iftherelativepriceofagoodrises,therealincomeofthefactorwhichintensivelyusedinthatgoodwillrise,whiletherealincomeoftheotherfactorwillfall.

10.Accordingto,atunchangedrelativegoodsprice,ifthesupplyofafactorofproductionincreases,theoutputofthegoodthatareintensiveinthatfactorwillrise,whiletheoutputoftheothergoodwillfall.

11.Accordingto,ownersofacountry’sabundantfactorsgainfromtrade,butownersofacountry’sscarefactorslose.

12.Accordingto,internationaltradeproducesaconvergenceofrelativegoodsprices.Thisconvergence,inturns,causestheconvergenceoftherelativefactorprices.Tradeleadstocompleteequalizationoffactorprices.

13.Threeassumptionscrucialtothepredictionoffactorpriceequalizationareinrealityuntrue.Theseassumptionsare

（1）

（2）（3）.

14.“U.S.exportswerelesscapital-intensivethanU.S.imports”isknownas

.

15.TheRicardianModel,theSpecificFactormodelandtheH-Omodelmaybeviewedasspecialcasesof

16.Thestandardtrademodelderivesaworldrelativesupplycurvefrom

andaworldrelativedemandcurvefrom.

17.Toexport-biasedgrowth,ifthedeclineofthewelfarecausedbythedeteriorationofthetermsoftradeswapovertheriseofthewelfarecausedbygrowth,thegrowthis.

18.Someeconomistsarguedthatexport-biasedgrowthbypoornationswouldworsentheirtermoftradesomuchthattheywouldbeworseoffthaniftheyhadnotgrownatall.Thissituationisknownas.

19.Immiserizinggrowthdemandsstrictconditions,theseconditionsare

,

.

20.Accordingto“”,tariffsandexportsubsidiesmighthaveperverseeffectsoninternalprice.

21.Inthemodelof“MonopolisticCompetitionandTrade”,firmsofanindividualnationfacethetrade-offbetweenand.

22.Marshallarguedthattherewerethreemainreasonswhyaclusteroffirmsmaybemoreefficientthananindividualfirminisolation:

23.Thepatternofintraindustrytradeitselfisunpredicted,

determinethedetailsofthetradepattern.

39.Whenthereisexternaleconomies,thepatternofinternationaltradeisdeterminedby.

24.Theindexesofintrainindustrytradeofaindustrycanbecalculatedbythestandardformula:

I=.

25.Interindustrytradeandintrainindustrytradearethesourcesofgainsfromtrade.When、,intrainindustrytradeisthedominantsourceofgainsfromtrade,everyonegainsfromtrade.

26.Theargumentoftemporaryprotectionofindustriestoenablethemtogainexperienceisknownas

27.Ifweaddtogetherthegainsandlossesfromatariff,Wefindthetheneteffectonnationalwelfarecanbeseparatedintotwoparts:

and

28.Whydocountriesadopttradepoliciessuchastarifforimportquota,whichproducemorecoststhanbenefits?

——

29.Inthepoliticaleconomyoftradepolicy,governmentareassumedtomaximize

ratherthan.

30.Deviationsfromfreetradecansometimesincreasenationalwelfare.Theseargumentsincludeand

31.Accordingto“”,domesticmarketfailureshouldbecorrectedbydomesticpoliciesaimeddirectlyattheproblem’ssources.

32.Internationaltradeoftenproduceslosersaswellaswinners.Intheactualpoliticsoftradepolicy,incomedistributionisofcrucialimportance.

canexplainwhypoliciesthatnotonlyseemtoproducemorecoststhanbenefitsbutthatalsoseemtohurtfarmorevotersthemtheycanhelpcannonethelessbeadopted.

33.TheWTOincludesfouraspectscontent:

GATT1994,GATS,,

34.“Nondiscriminatory”principlesincludeprincipleand

principle

35.Forpreferentialtradingagreements,suchas,countriesmustcedepartoftheirsovereigntytosupranationalentity.

36.Whetheracustomsunionisdesirableorundesirabledependsonwhetheritlargelyleadstoor.

PartⅡ.TrueorFalse（trueandfalsearedenotedby“T”and“F”,respectively）

1.IfaLW*/aLC*

2.AccordingtotheRicardianmodel,itispreciselybecausetherelativewageisbetweentherelativeproductivitiesthateachcountryendsupwithacostadvantageinonegood.Thegoodforwhich

/

>

/

willbeproducedinForeign.（）

3.Itispreciselybecausetherelativewageisbetweentherelativeproductivitiesthateachcountryendsupwithacostadvantageinonegood.（）

4.Long-runconvergenceinproductivityproduceslong-runconvergenceinwages.（）

5.“Koreanworkersearnonly$2.50anhour;ifweallowKoreatoexportasmuchasitlikestotheUnitedStates,ourworkerswillbeforceddowntothesamelevel.Youcan’timporta$5shirtwithoutimportingthe$2.50wagethatgoeswithit.”（）

6.Thepropositionthattradeisbeneficialisunqualified.Thatis,thereisnorequirementthatacountrybe“competitive”orthatthetradebe“fair”.（）

7.Freetradeisbeneficialonlyifyourcountryisstrongenoughtostanduptoforeigncompetition.（）

8.Foreigncompetitionisunfairandhurtsothercountrieswhenitisbasedonlowwages.（）

9.Tradeexploitsacountryandmakeitworseoffifitsworkersreceivemuchlowerwagethanworkersinothernations.（）

10.TheRicardianModelpredictsanextremedegreeofspecialization.（）

11.TheRicardianModelneglectstheeffectsonincomedistribution.（）

12.ThebasicpredictionoftheRicardianmodelhasbeenstronglyconfirmedbyanumberofstudiesoveryears.（）

13.TheRicardianModelpredictsthatcountriestendtoexportthosegoodsinwhichtheirproductivityisrelativehigh.（）

14.Wecanthinkoffactorspecificityasamatteroftime.（）

15.TheopportunitycostofmanufactureintermsoffoodisdenotedbyMPLM/MPLF.（）

16.Aequalproportionalchangeinpricehavenorealeffectsontherealwage,realincomeofcapitalownerandlandowner.（）

17.Tradebenefitsthefactorthatisspecifictotheimport-competingsectorsofeachcountrybuthurtsthefactortotheexportsectors,withambiguouseffectsonmobilefactors.（）

18.Itispossibleinprincipleforacountry’sgovernmenttousetaxesandsubsidiestoredistributeincometogiveeachindividualmoreofbothgoods.（）

19.Althoughinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonincomedistribution,therearestillpossibleinprincipletomakeeachindividualbetteroff.（）

20.Typically,thosewhogainfromtradeinanyparticularproductareamuchmoreconcentrated,informed,andorganizedgroupthanthosewholose.（）

21.Conflictsofinterestwithinnationsareusuallymoreimportantindeterminingtradepolicythanconflictsofinterestbetweennations.（）

22.Generally,economistsdonotregardtheincomedistributioneffectsoftradeasagoodreasontolimittrade.（）

23.Theformulationoftradepolicyisakindofpoliticalprocess.（）

24.“Theworld’spoorestcountriescan’tfindanythingtoexport.Thereisnoresourcethatisabundant—certainlynotcapitalorland,andinsmallpoornationsnotevenlaborisabundant.”（）

25.WageinequalityinU.S.increasedbetweenthelate1970sandtheearly1990s,economistsattributethechangetothegrowingexportsofmanufacturedgoodsfromNIEs.（）

26.Ifthefactor-proportiontheorywasright,acountrywouldalwaysexportfactorsforwhichtheincomeshareexceededthefactorshare,importfactorsforwhichitwasless.（）

27.TheH-Omodelcanpredictnotonlythedirectionbutthevolumeoftrade.（）

28.FactortradeingeneralturnsouttobemuchsmallerthantheH-Omodelpredicts.（）

29.Accordingtoaninfluentialrecentpaper,theH-Omodelcanpredictnotonlythedirectionbutthevolumeoftrade.FactortradeingeneralturnouttobethesameastheH-Omodelpredicts.（）

30.OnlybydroppingtheHeckscher-OhlinassumptionthattechnologiesarethesameacrossthecountriescantheoverallpatternofinternationaltradebewellpredictedbytheH-Omodel.（）

31.Ifacountrywanttomaximizeitsnationalwelfare,theconsumptionpointiswherethehighestisovaluelineistangenttothehighestreachableindifferencecurve.（）

32.Ariseintheter