The hydrogen economy.docx
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The hydrogen economy.docx
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Thehydrogeneconomy
Unit1
TheHydrogenEconomy
Glossary
alkalinepotassiumhydroxideelectrolyte碱性氢氧化钾电解质
alludeto提到
alternativeenergysystem替代能源系统
alternativeto替代
ambientair环境空气
anode正极
Apollo13mission阿波罗13号飞行任务
appurtenances零附件
assert声称
backfire适得其反的结果
benchmark参考标准
bidon投标
bolder巨石
bolt螺栓
buyinto认可
bringoutsideperspectivestodiscussions讨论中征求业外人士的意见
cadmium镉
carbondioxideemissionsfromhydrogengeneration生产氢过程中的二氧化碳排放
Catch-22第22条军规;左右为难的困境
cathode负极
chassis底盘
compactportablepowersources小型便携式动力源
compounds化合物
compressor压缩机
configuration配置
conceptcar概念车
decompose分解
dire可怕的
dischargeandrecharge放电充电
disposition部署
disruptthecurrentautomobilemarketeconomy干扰当今汽车市场经济
doleout发放
drycell干电池
electricgenerator发电机
electricmotor电机
electromagneticinduction电磁感应
electrode电极
electrolysis电解
electrolyte电解质
elemental基本的
electron电子
energy-conversiondevices能源转换装置
energydensity能量密度
escalating逐步上升的
exhaustfumes废气
findacommongroundbetweencarmanufacturersandenvironmentallegislators汽车制造商与环境立法人员之间找到共同点
fledgling新兴的,正在发展的
forgefullspeedahead全速发展
fossilfuels化石燃料
frustrated受到挫折
fuelcell燃料电池
futuristic属于未来的
generate产生
geophysicistbytraining所学的专业为地球物理学
gestationperiod酝酿阶段
grandioseclaims冠冕堂皇的言论
hand-cranked手摇的
healthimpactsofautomobileairpollution汽车尾气污染对健康的影响
hydrogen-based fuelcells氢燃料电池
hibernation冬眠
hittheshowroomfloor在车展中成功
hydrocarbon碳氢化合物
hydroelectricplant水电厂
hydrogen-poweredautomobiles氢气动力汽车
incandescentbulb白炽灯
inertiaandmomentum惯量和动量
internalcombustionengine内燃机
infrastructure基础设施
ingredient配料
instrumental有作用的
intercept拦截
jurist法学家
kineticenergy动能
lawsuit法律诉讼
lead,nickel,cadmium,sodium,lithium,aluminum,zinc铅、镍、镉、钠、锂、铝、锌
lead-acidbattery铅酸电池
lighttrucksanddeliveryvans轻型卡车和厢式送货车
lithium-ionbattery锂离子电池
massandvelocity质量和速度
mechanicallinkages机械连接
methanol甲醇
moltencarbonate熔融碳酸盐
multifaceted多面的
nagging使人不安的
nanometer-sizedparticles纳米微粒
nexttonothing几乎为零
nickel-metal-hydride(NiMH)batteries镍氢电池
NiMHpacks镍氢电池组
nonrenewableresource不可再生的资源
opensupways开辟途径
outfitting装配
outnumber数量超过
overallvehicledesign整车设计
paradigmshift范式转换
payapremium出高价
phosphoricacid磷酸
podium演讲台
potablewater饮用水
precede先于
prompt促使,引起
proton质子
proton-exchangemembranecell质子交换膜电池
prototypevehicle原型车
publicroll-out首次公开亮相
range(续)驶(里)程
realmoftheexotic不熟悉的领域
resurgence复活,再现
rhetoric修辞,华丽的言辞
roof-to-bumperwindshield上从车顶、下至保险杠的挡风玻璃(设计)
scaleable可计量的
sodium钠
solidoxidesormoltencarbonateaselectrolytes采用固态氧化物或熔融碳酸盐作为电解质
solidpolymerfuelcell固体聚合物燃料电池
stationaryequipmentandportabledevices固定设备和便携装置
strikeoutonhisown独立创业
subsequent在此之后的
storagebattery蓄电池
StateoftheUnionaddress国情咨文
surreptitiously偷偷地
thinelectrolyticmembrane电解薄膜
throttle油门
trajectory轨道
turnsomethingthatlargeonadime突然来个大转弯
unmuffled没有消音器的
unveil公布于众
venturecapital风险资本
veteran退伍军人
voltaicpile伏打电堆
zero-emissions-vehicle(ZEV)program零排放车辆项目
Text1
FuelCells
HenryPetroski
1InhisStateoftheUnionaddressearlyin2003,PresidentGeorgeW.BushcalledforpromotingenergyindependencefortheUnitedStateswhilemakingdramaticimprovementsintheenvironment.Thefamiliarrhetoricalludedtoacomprehensiveplaninvolvingefficiencyandconservationaswellasdevelopingcleanertechnologiesfordomesticenergyproduction.ButthePresidentsoondepartedfromthefamiliarandenteredtherealmoftheexoticwhenheaskedCongresstotake“acrucialstepandprotectourenvironment”indistinctlynewways.Inthe21stcentury,hecontinued,“thegreatestenvironmentalprogresswillcomeaboutnotthroughendlesslawsuitsorcommand-and-controlregulations,butthroughtechnologyandinnovation.”Heproposedspending$1.2billiononresearchintohydrogen-poweredautomobiles,whichemployfuelcells.
2ThePresidentwentontogiveanadmirablyconcisedefinitionoftheprincipleofafuelcell:
“Asinglechemicalreactionbetweenhydrogenandoxygengeneratesenergy,whichcanbeusedtopoweracar—producingonlywater,notexhaustfumes.”Hechallengedscientistsandengineerstoovercomeobstaclestotakingfuelcellpoweredautomobiles“fromlaboratorytoshowroom”inatimeframeexpressednotincoldcalendaryearsbutintheverywarmandhumanimageofgrowingup,“sothatthefirstcardrivenbyachildborntodaycouldbepoweredbyhydrogen…”Suchprogress,thePresidentasserted,opensupwaystoprotecttheenvironment“thatgenerationsbeforeuscouldnothaveimagined.”
3ItwasonlythesummerbeforePresidentBush’saddressthatIwasintroducedtofuelcellsinamorethanpassingway.EvidentlybecauseIhadwrittenaboutinventionandtheevolutionofawidevarietyoftechnologies,IwasinvitedtojoinanIndustryAdvisoryCommitteethenbeingformedbyChrysalixEnergy,aVancouverbasedventure-capitalfirminvestinginearlystagefuel-celltechnology.InspiteofmyobjectionsthatIknewnexttonothingaboutfuelcells,Iwaspersuadedbythecommittee’schairman,DanielMuzyka,DeanofCommerceattheUniversityofBritishColumbia,tojointhecommittee,whosepurposeistobringoutsideperspectivestodiscussionsaboutanimaginedhydrogeneconomy.Inmyassociationwiththegroupthusfar,Ihaveparticipatedinafewtelephone-conferencecallsandattendedameetinginAmsterdam.Ihaveheardmanypresentationsandreadalargenumberofbooks,reports,andarticlesaboutfuelcells,theirpromise,andtheirshortcomings.Inaddition,IhavereadandclippedmagazineandnewspaperstoriesthatayearagoImighthavepassedoverquicklyandhavegenerallybecomeincreasinglyinterestedinthehistory,statusandfutureofthetechnology.
TheGasBattery
4Applicationsofthefuelcellmayseemfuturistic,butthedeviceitselfdatesfrom1839,whentheWelsh-bornBritishjuristandscientistSirWilliamRobertGrovesdeviseda“gasbattery.”UnlikeAlessandroVolta’snow-familiardrycell—whichcontainedallitsenergy-producingingredientsandwhichproducedelectricityonlyaslongasitcouldsustainthechemicalreaction—Groves’sgasbatteryproducedelectricityaslongasitwasfueledbyanexternalsource.Thesimplevoltaicpileprecededthefuelcellby39years.
5Withinacoupleofdecadesoftheinventionofthedry-cellbattery,MichaelFaradaydemonstratedtheprincipleoftheelectricmotorandsoonthereafterthatofelectromagneticinduction,whichledtotheelectricgenerator.Bytheearly1830sworkingelectricmotorswerebeingmade,andwellbeforetheendofthedecadeelectricdrivenroadvehiclesandpaddleboatswerethesubjectsofexperiments.By1859,anearlyversionofthelead-acidbatteryusedintoday’sautomobileshadbeendeveloped—withthemostimportantcapabilityofbeingrepeatedlydischargedandrecharged.Asearlyas1873,storagebatterieswerepoweringelectricmotorsanddrivingvehicles,andby1882theseelectric“cars”couldreachspeedsofalmost10milesperhourandtraveldistancesasgreatas25miles.Thefirstdemonstrationofavehiclepoweredbyaninternalcombustionenginewasstillacoupleofyearsaway.
6Attheendofthe19thcentury,anelectricvehicleheldtheworldspeedrecordof61milesperhour,andintheUniteStatesin1900almostasmanyelectric-drivencars(1,575)werebeingmanufacturedassteam-drivenones(1,684).Combined,theyoutnumberedbymorethanthreetoonegasoline-enginecars.Theelectricvehiclehadtheclearadvantageofquietnessoveritsthenunmuffledcompetitors,anditdidnotneedtobehand-crankedtobestarted.However,aftertheintroductionoftheFordModelKin1906andtheModelTin1909,theinternal-combustionenginebecamethepowersourceofchoice.By1912,therewere900,000gasolinepoweredvehiclesinAmerica,outnumberingthe30,000electricsthirty-to-one.Ataboutthesametime,theself-starterandsilencerwereintroduced,thusmakingtheinternalcombustionenginemoreuserfriendlyanddesirable.Itwasmuchfastertoaddgasolinetoatankthantorechargeheavybatteries,andthegasolineprovidedgreaterrange.(Differentenergysourcesarenowusuallycomparedbymeansofameasureknownasenergydensity,whichistheratioofpowertoweight.Today,aconventionallead-acidbatteryhasanenergydensityofabout35watthoursperkilogramcomparedwithgasoline’s2,000,althoughmoreexotictypesofbatterieshavehigherenergydensitiesthandolead-acidcells.)Theuseofgasoline-poweredvehiclesinWorldWarIconditionedalotofyoungveteranstofavortheinternal-combustionengine.ThelastnewmodelofanelectriccartobebuiltinAmericaduringthaterawasintroducedin1921—atapricefourtimesthatofaModelT.Theelectricvehicleessentiallywentintoforcedhibernationfordecades,untilenvironmentalandenergycrisesreawakenedinterestinanonpollutingalternativetotheinternalcombustionengine.
ElectricCarResurgence
7Unfortunately,batterytechnologyhadnotadvancedsufficientlyinthemeantimetoenableelectriccarstobemadeattractivecompetitorstogasoline-drivenonesintermsofsize,rangeandcost.Promptedinpartbytheriseinconsciousnessofecologicalissues,electricvehiclesbegantoreappeararound1960,butonlyinsmallnumbers.Indeed,itwasnotuntil1990,whensouthernCalifornia’sSouthCoastAirQualityDistrictrequiredthatby1998largemanufacturershave2percentoftheirsalesinzero-emissionvehicles(withescalatingpercentagesinsubsequentyears),thatmajorautomobilecompaniesbegantolookmoreseriouslyatalternativestotheinternal-combustionengine.Andamongthosealternativ
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