英语作文.docx
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英语作文.docx
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英语作文
写作
8.1题型简介
☆大学英语教学大纲对四级写作的要求:
1999年的《大学英语教学大纲(修订本)》对基础阶段四级水平的写作能力做出如下要求:
“能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时做笔记、回答问题和写提纲,能就一定的话题或提纲在半小时内写出120-150词的短文,能写短信或便条,表达意思清楚,无重大语言错误。
”
☆大学英语四级作文最低分制:
从1997年起大学英语考试作文采用最低分制,以下列方法计算成绩:
作文分0分者:
最后得分一律不及格
作文分1~6分者:
最后得分=原统计总分–6+实得作文分
例1:
原统计总分为61分,实得作文分为3分最后得分=61–6+3=58分
例2:
原统计得分为80分,实得作文分为5分最后得分=80–6+5=79分
可见,作文必须至少得6分才不至于影响考生的原统计总分。
☆四级作文高分要领:
阅卷人员从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。
因此,考生应注意:
(1)作文要切题。
即作文应表达题目所规定的内容,要阐述一个中心的主题思想,要紧扣这一思想和关键点展开。
(2)细节和论据。
考生应注意所论述的细节必须是与主题相关,是主题的深化,所举的例子必须能支持论点。
(3)文章的脉络要清晰。
即文章的组织要有条理,层次分明,符合逻辑。
(4)衔接。
考生应注意段与段之间、句子和句子之间的衔接,注意用适当的过渡词(句子或段落),使文章读起来连贯、通顺。
(5)行文。
考生既要注意充分表达思想,也要注意用英语清楚而贴切地表达思想,要避免造成理解上的障碍的语言错误。
☆四级写作的评分标准:
(1)本题满分为15分。
(2)阅卷标准共分五等:
2分、5分、8分、11分、14分。
各有标准评卷1-2份。
(3)阅卷人根据阅卷标准,对照样卷评分,若认为与某一分数(如8分)相似,即定为该分数(即8分);若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数,则可加一分(即9分)或减一分(即7分)。
但不得加或减半分。
(4)评分标准:
2分——条理不清,思路紊乱,语言支离破碎或绝大部分句子均有错误,且多数为严重错误。
5分——基本切题。
思想表达不清楚,连贯性差。
有较多的严重的语言错误。
8分——基本切题。
思想表达比较清楚,文章尚连贯,但语言错误较多,其中有一些是严重错误。
11分——切题。
思想表达清楚,文字连贯,但有少量语言错误。
14分——切题。
思想表达清楚,文字通顺,连贯性较好,基本上无语言错误,仅有个别小错误。
[注:
白卷、所写的内容与题目毫不相关,或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0分]
(5)字数不足应酌情扣分:
累计字数
90-99
80-89
70-79
60-69
50-59
<49
扣分
1
2
3
5
7
9
注:
①如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句,均不得计入所写字数。
②只写一段者:
0-4分;只写两段者:
0-9分(指规定三段的作文)。
8.2模式作文及常用句型
☆命题剖析:
一,命题范围—题材现实:
关于学习及校园生活;热门话题;常识,格言
二,命题思路—题材多样:
议论文(argumentation);说明文(exposition);记叙文(narration);应用文
三,写作形式—固定专一:
提纲式;图表式;情景式
四,文章类型—模式稳定
1.正反观点对比和作者态度
结构:
模式:
A.
Nowadays,withthedevelopmentof…,people’sviewson…varyfrompersontoperson.
Somepeoplethinkthat…,theyholdthisviewbecause…
However,otherpeoplebelievethat…intheirview…
Astome,Iaminfavorofthefirst/secondidea.Thereasonsformypreferenceareasfollows.
First,whileitistruethat…,itdoesn’tmeanthat…Besides,Finally,…therefore,…
B.
Whenaskedabout…,differentpeoplewillofferdifferentopinions.Somepeopletakeitforgrantedthat…,However,othersholdthat…
AsfarasIamconcerned,Iaminfavoroftheformer/latter.Herearethereasonsofmychoice.
First,itistruethat….,butitdoesn’tfollowthat…Acaseinpointisthat…Therefore,theformer/latterviewcannotstanduptocloseexamination.
Inconclusion,…
Directions:
forthispart,youshouldfinishacompositioninhalfanhour.
Do“LuckyNumbers”ReallyBringGoodLuck?
1.有人认为数字会带来好运
2.也有人认为数字与运气无关
3.试说明你的看法
Example1:
Nowadays,withtheopeningreformpoliciesandhardwork,somepeoplehavebeenluckyenoughtobecomericherandliveabetterlife.Butsomeotherswishthattheycouldmakeanomeletwithoutbreakingeggs.Insuchcases,theyturnto“luckynumbers”.
Somepeoplesaythat“luckynumbers”canbringthemgoodluck.Take8forexample.TheChinesepronunciationofthenumber“8”hasalmostthesamesoundasthatoftheChinesecharacter“发”,whichmeansmakingafortune.Therefore,manyChinesepeoplesparenomoneytogettheirtelephonenumberorcarnumbertoincludethisnumber“8”.Theybelievewithoutanydoubtthatthenumberwillbringthemluck---makingafortune.
However,othersdon’tbelievethatnumberscanhaveanyconnectionwithgoodluck.Theythinksuchkindofideaisonlyanignorantandsuperstitiousbelief.Anumberisonething,andgoodluckisanother.Theywillsay:
howcanyoueverhavegoodlucksimplybecauseofsomeluckynumbers,evenifyoudon’tworkhard,don’thavegoodopportunitiesanddon’tgetalongwellwiththepeoplearoundyou?
SofarasIamconcerned,Iagreewiththelatter.Obviously,suchbeliefisonlyakindofsuperstition.Perhapsitholdstrueforsomecases,butoftenitdoesnot.Numberscanneverbringgoodlucktoapersonatallandourluckisinourownhands.Therefore,everyonecanhavegoodluckonlyifhetrieshisbest.Let’salwaysremember“opportunitiesareonlyforthepreparedmind”and“Nopains,nogains.”
2.问题解决型
结构:
模式:
A.
Fromtheabovetable,wecanseethattherebe…Because…,itcanbeconcludedthat…
Therearemanyreasonsforit.First,…Second,…Finally,…
Although…,thereare…,therefore,…
B.
Theperiodof…sawgreatchangesin…Ononehand,…Ontheotherhand,..
Thereasonsofthechangescanbeaccountedforasfollows.First,…Finally,…Tosumup,….
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:
HealthGainsinDevelopingCountries.Youmustbaseyourcompositiononthefollowinginstructions(giveninChinese)
1.以下图为依据描述发展中国家的期望寿命(lifeexpectancy)和婴儿死亡率(infantmortality)的变化情况。
2.说明引起变化的原因。
Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120words,remembertowriteitneatly.
HealthGainsinDevelopingCountries
Example1:
HealthGainsinDevelopingCountries
Asisknowntoall,healthgainsalotindevelopingcountries.Foronething,thelifeexpectancyincreasedapproximately20yearsfrom1960to1990.Foranother,theinfantmortalitydecreasedby50%duringthesameperiod.Itisobviousthathealthwillgainfurtherindevelopingcountrieswithinseveraldecadestocome.
Therearemanyreasonsexplainingthechange.Firstofall,people’slivingstandardhasimprovedalotwiththefastdevelopmentofeconomyinmostdevelopingcountries.Inaddition,improvedmedicalcareinrecentyearshasbeenofferedtomorepeople.Therefore,thereisnowondersuchachangeshouldoccur.
AsfarasIamconcerned,Ibelievethatotherfactorspartlycontributetoit.
Asweknow,bettermedicalequipmentsareusedtodaywiththedevelopmentofnewtechnologies.Furthermore,people’sawarenessofhealthhasbeenstrengthenedmuchmore.Inaword,people’shealthindevelopingcountieswillbeimprovedfromgenerationtogeneration.
3.
现象对比和态度型
结构:
模式:
A.
Asisknowntoall,…Thisisbecause…First,…Besides,…Mostimportantofall,…Inaword,…
B.
Itisquiteusualthat…,because…However,…
Somepeoplethinkthat…,However,othersthink…
Astome,Iaminfavorof…Furthermore,…
Directions:
forthispart,youshouldfinishacompositioninhalfanhour.
CanMoneyBuyHappiness?
?
1.有人认为金钱是幸福之源(sourceofhappiness)
2.也有人认为金钱是万恶之源(rootofevil)
3.说明你的看法
Example:
Itistruethatmoneyplaysanimportantroleinthecommercialworldtoday.Nowonderthatsomepeoplebelievethatmoneyisthesourceofhappiness.Forwithoutmoneypeoplecan’tbuyfood,clothes,houseandotherdailynecessities.Withoutmoney,peoplecan’tgotothetheaterorotherplacesofentertainment.Withoutmoneypeoplecan’tobtaintheopportunityofhighereducation.Inaword,withoutmoney,thereisnothingwecando.
However,somepeoplethinkthatmoneyistherootofevil.Somepeopleevencommitcrimesinordertopossessmuchmoremoney.Forinstance,theymightsteal,cheat,andevenkillotherstogetmoney.Forthesakeofmoney,theywouldtryeverypossiblemeansandriskeverythingtoobtainit.Justforthisreason,somepeopleregardmoneyastherootofevil.
Inmyopinion,moneyitselfisneithergoodnorbad.Whatreallycountsliesinhowtomakegooduseofit.Soifitisgainedlawfullyandusedproperly,moneycanmakepeoplelivebetter.Onlyinthiswaycanmoneybringpeoplehappiness.
4.论证说理型
结构:
格言成语
概念论证
Directions:
forthispart,youshouldfinishacompositioninhalfanhour.
PracticeMakesPerfect?
1.如何理解“熟能生巧”
2.例如:
英语学习…….
3.又如……
Example:
Itiswell-knowntoeveryonethat“Practicemakesperfect.”Thisself-evidentproverbmeansdoingsomethingrepeatedlyistheonlywaytobecomeexpertatit.Thatistosay,practicemakesadifferencebetweeninferiorityandperfection.
LearningaforeignlanguagelikeEnglishisacaseinpoint.Youcantakeinalotaboutit,suchasitspronunciation,vocabulary,sentencestructures,grammaticalrules,idiomsandusage,butallthesewillquicklyescapefromyourmemorywithoutpractice.Soyoumustpracticelistening,speaking,readingandwritingsoastoacquirethelanguage.
Otherexamplescanalsobefoundtoprovetheproverb.Takecookingforexample.Agoodcookcanprepareadeliciousmeal,butyouwillnotbesurprisedathisperformanceifyouknowhowmuchtimehehasspentpracticingit.Throughpractice,hethenbecomesanexpertatcooking.
Undoubtedly,practicemakesperfect.Onlythroughpracticecanonebegoodatdoingthings.Itispractice,sotospeak,thatleadstoperfection.
5.其它类型
结构:
正反简述—我的观点—举例—结论
Directions:
forthispart,youshouldfinishacompositioninhalfanhour.
MyidealJob
1.人们对职业各有不同的理想
2.我理想的职业是什么
3.我如何为我理想的职业作准备
Example:
Therearevariouskindsofjobsintheworld,suchaswriting,nursing,teachingandengineering.Butdifferentpeoplechoosedifferentjobsastheiridealcareers.Thisisbecauseeveryonehashisowninterest.
AsformeIhavemadeupmymindtobeateachermainlyforthreereasons.IwanttoteachbecauseIlikethepaceofacademiccalendar.Twolongvacationsofferanopportunityforreflection,researchandwriting,IwanttoteachbecauseIlikethefreedomtomakemyownmistakes,tolearnmyownlessons,tostimulatemyselfandmystudents.AndIhavetheopportunitytokeeponlearning.Mostimportantofall,Iwanttoteachbecause,beingaroundthestudentswhoarebeginningtogrowandchangeinfrontofme,Iwillgrowandchangewiththem.
Butteachingisnoeasyjobatall.Imuststudyhardtoacquiremoreknowledge.And,atthesametime,IwillmakeeveryefforttopurifymysoulsothatIcanbecomeanarchitectofman’ssoul—aqualifiedteacher.
一种情形—另一种情形—结论
Directions:
forthispart,youshouldfinishacompositioninhalfanhour.
TheWorldisGettingSmallerandSmaller
1.现代化的交通工具越来越发达
2.人与人之间的交往越来越频繁
3.结论
Example:
Withtherapiddevelopmentoftechnology,modernmeansoftransportationaremoreandmore
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