有关动词的一些小知识DOC.docx
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有关动词的一些小知识DOC.docx
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有关动词的一些小知识DOC
Verbs
1、Classification
功能:
notionalverb实义v.linkverb系v.
auxiliaryverb助v.modalverb情态v.
直接transitiveverb(vt.)及物v.
宾语intransitiveverb(vi.)不及物v.
直接predicateverb谓语v.
谓语non-predicateverb非谓语v.
主语finiteverb限定v.
限定infiniteverb非限定v.
变化regularverb规则v.
规则irregularverb不规则v.
动作terminativeverb终止性v.
持续durativeverb持续性v.
动作staticverb静态v.
强弱dynamicverb动态v.
simpleverb简单v.
形态compoundverb复合v.
结构phrasalverb短语v.
·auxiliaryverb:
verbusedwithnotionalverbstoshowtense,voice,oremphaticmood,andtoformaquestionornegativestatement;
meaninglessitself,can’tbeusedasV.alone
·Usageofaux.V.
1.toformnegativeV.Idon’tlikeyourhat.
2.toformaquestionDoyoulikemyhat?
3.toforminversionNeverdidIexpecttoseehim.
4.toreplacementionedverbtoavoidrepetition.DoyoulikeEnglish?
Yes,Ido
·modalverb:
verbusedwithnotionalverbstoindicatespeaker’sfeelingsandattitudes,i.e.toexpresspossibility,permission,obligation,etc..
can/could/may/might/must/shall/should/will/would/need/dare/oughtto
*incompletemeaning;
*can’tbeusedasV.alone;
*mustbefollowedbyinfinitiveformofverb;
*nopersonandnumberchanges;
*somehavepasttense
·Usageofmodalv.
1.toindicatespeaker’stoneandattitude
2.forsubjunctivemood(虚拟语气)
3.forspeculation(推测)
■虚拟
*各种虚拟句
*表示轻微责备or遗憾:
情态v.(not)+havedone
“本应…(而实际却没…)”“本不该/必…(而实际却…)”
was/wereto+have(been)done“过去计划中要做某事,实际上没做”
*区别:
“shouldn’t+havedone”表示过去本不该做的事情,实际上却做了
“needn’t+havedone”表示过去本不必做的事情,实际上却做了
E.g.Theyshouldn’thaveleftsoearly.
Youneedn’thaveboughtit.
Youneedn’thavecomehereyesterday.
■推测might,may,could,can,must
*情态v.+do(原形)→对现在状态或经常动作推测
*情态v.+bedoing→对此时此刻发生的动作行为推测
*情态v.+havedone/havebeendoing→对过去发生的事情进行推测
*情态v.must的否定推测→can’t/couldn’t
E.g.Shemustbestudyingintheclassroomnow.
Shemusthavebeenworkingthen.
Shemay/mighthavebeenbuyingstampsinthepostofficewhenyousawher.
Youmustbeverytired,aren’tyou?
Youmusthaveseenthefilm,haven’tyou?
Youmusthaveseenthefilmlastweek,didn’tyou?
Youmusthaveknownhimbeforeyouwrotetohim,hadn'tyou?
Itmusthavesnowedlastnight,didn’tit?
Theoldmanmustbeourheadmaster,isn’the?
Marymusthavefinishedreadingthenovelnow,hasn’tshe?
2.Forms
principalformsofverbs
infinitiveform
third-personsingularform
pastform
pastparticiple(p.p.)
presentparticiple
3.Features(tense/voice/mood)
☆tenseofverbs
*grammaticalmeaning
现在--present
time过去--past
将来--future
过去将来--pastfuture
一般--indefinite
manner进行--continuous
完成--perfect
完成进行--perfectcontinuous
*Classification(16kinds)
一般现在时thepresentindefinitetense
一般过去时thepastindefinite
一般将来时thefutureindefinitetense
过去将来时thepastfutureindefinitetense
现在进行时thepresentcontinuoustense
过去进行时thepastcontinuoustense
将来进行时thefuturecontinuoustense
过去将来进行时thepastfuturecontinuoustense
现在完成时thepresentperfecttense
过去完成时thepastperfecttense
将来完成时thefutureperfecttense
过去将来完成时thepastfutureperfecttense
现在完成进行时thepresentperfectcontinuoustense
过去完成进行时thepastperfectcontinuoustense
将来完成进行时thefutureperfectcontinuoustense
过去将来完成进行时thepastfutureperfectcontinuoustense
*sequenceoftenses
Shesayssheisacollegestudent
Shesaysshewasacollegestudent.
Shesaysshewillbeacollegestudent.
HashetoldyouwhenhewillleaveforBeijing?
/leftforBeijing?
Willyoutellmewhenyoufinishedthework?
Shetoldmeshewasateacher.
HesaidhewasstudyingFrench.
Sheexplainedtomethatshehadmadethemistakechieflyoutofcarelessness.
Bettysaidthatshehadbeenwaitingformycall.
Hesaidthathewouldcomebackthenextday.
Shesaidthatshewouldbesettingoffonthe10o’clocktrain.
Hetoldthemthathewouldhavefinishedbysixo’clock.
Hetoldmethathewasbornin1959.
MymothertoldmethatmygrandfatherwenttoGermanyin1917.
Ourteachersaidthattheearthisroundanditgoesroundthesun.
I’llbeasingerwhenIgrowup.
Ifitisfinetomorrow,we’llhaveabasketballmatchwithClassTwo.
☆voiceofverbs
*Voice:
“be+p.p.”结构若表示动作,则是被动语态;若表示特点和状态,则是系表结构,而不是被动语态。
Thecompositioniswellwritten.
Thecompositionwaswrittenwithgreatcare.
英语中有些v.尽管是vt.,但从不用于被动语态,如contain,cost,fit,lack,resemble,suit,以及表示“让、使“意思的let,have,get等,这些动词都没有被动语态。
Youwon’tbelettogoawaynow.X
Wewon’tletyougoawaynow.
*grammaticalmeaning:
aformofverbsindicatingtherelationshipbetweentheSubjectandthePredicate
*classification
activevoice主动语态passivevoice被动语态be+p.p.(vt.)
*transformation
Simplesentence:
S.+vi.+…
5basicsenten-S.+V.+P.
cepatternsS.+vt.+O.+…
S.+vt.+Oi.+Od.+…
S.+vt.+O.+O.C.+…
Transformation
*S.+vt.+O.+…→O.+be+v-ed+…+by+S.
*S.+vt.+Oi.+Od.+…
E.g.Wegavehersomebooks.
→Shewasgivensomebooks(byus).
→Somebooksweregiventoher(byus).
*S.+vt.+O.+O.C.+…
E.g.Wewillmakeourcountryricherandstronger.
→Ourcountrywillbemadericherandstrongerbyus.
Weelectedhimourmonitor.
→Hewaselectedourmonitorbyus.
Theboyaskedtheteachertoexplainthesentence.
→Theteacherwasaskedtoexplainthesentencebytheboy.
Weheardthemtalkaboutthatfilm.
→Theywereheardtotalkaboutthatfilm.
Weheardthemtalkingabout...
→Theywereheardtalkingaboutthatfilm.
*application
1)unknownorunnecessaryS.
Hiscarhasbeenstolen.
Iwasbornin1980.
2)emphasizeactiontaker
Sheislikedbyeverybody.
Englishisspokenherebyus.
*special&structures
Special
S.+have/get+O.+p.p.
①有意识的被动行为,执行者不一定就是句子的主语。
②无意识的被动行为,动作的执行者不是句子的主语,相反受到这种动作的影响。
E.g.Ihavemyhaircuteverymonth.
Wehadthemachinerepaired.
Hegothislegbrokeninanaccident.
S.+V.+P.
E.g.Theflowerssmellsweet.
Thefoodtastesgood.
S.一般指物,系v.常为smell,taste,sound,prove,feel,look…
S.+vi.+(adj./adv.)
vi.:
wear,blow,move,lock,shut,open,read,write,draw,wash,clean,burn,cook,make,work,photograph,eat,drink…
Thedoorblewopen.
Thematerialhaswornthin.
Hisbookssellwell.
Thedoorwon’tshut/lock.
Thiskindofricecooksquickly.
Shedoesn’tphotographwell.
sth.beworthdoing
sth.need/want/requiredoing
sth.beworthytobedone
sth.beworthyofdoing
sth.need/wanttobedone
E.g.Yourhandsneedwashing./tobewashed.
Thepairofshoeswantsmending./tobemended.
Themachinerequiresrepairing.
Thebookisworthreading.
Thebookisworthytoberead.
Thebookisworthyofreading.
Structures(客观论述句)
Itissaidthat…据说
Itisbelievedthat…大家(人们)相信
Itisreportedthat…据报道
Itisannouncedthat…据宣布
Itisallegedthat…据称
Itisassertedthat…有人承认
Itisassumedthat…假设(定)
Itiscalculatedthat…据计算
Itisclaimedthat…有人声称(主张)
Itisconsideredthat…认为
Itisdeclaredthat…据宣布、有人宣布
Itisdemonstratedthat…证明
Itisestimatedthat…估计
Itisexpectedthat…看来
Itisfoundthat…发现
Itisgenerallyagreedthat…人们通常认为
Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…大家认为
Itishopedthat…希望
Itisgenerallyrecognizedthat…一般(普遍)认为
Itishypothesizedthat…假设(定)
Itislearnedthat…据说(闻)
Itismentionedthat…据说
Itisnoticedthat…有人指出
Itispredictedthat…预计
Itispreferredthat…最好
Itisproposedthat…有人提议
Itisrecommendedthat…建议
Itisrumoredthat…谣传
Itissuggestedthat…有人建议
Itissupposedthat…据推测说
Itisthoughtthat…有人认为
Itisunderstoodthat…不用说,……是很明白的
Itisuniversallyacceptedthat…普遍认为
Itisweighedthat…考虑到,权衡到
Itiswellknownthat…众所周知,大家都知道
Ithasbeenarrangedthat…准备/已经商定
Ithasbeendecidedthat…已经决定
Ithasbeenillustratedthat…据图示/据说明
Ithasbeenobjectedthat…有人反驳说
Ithasbeenprovedthat…已经证明
Ithasbeenshowedthat…有人指出
Itwillbesaidthat…有人会说
Itwillbeseenfromthisthat…由此可知
Itcannotbedeniedthat…无可否认(defy:
反驳)
Itcanbeseenthat…可见
Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat…可以毫不夸张地说
Itmaybesafelysaidthat…可以有把握地说
Itmustbeadmittedthat…必须承认
Itmustbepointedoutthat…必须指出
Itmustbestressedthat…必须强调
Practice1modalverbs
1“Mustwedoitnow?
”“No,you______.”
Awon’t Bneedn’t Ccan’t Ddon’t
2Hesaidhewouldrathernot___itrightnow.
Adoing Btodo Cdo Dtobedoing
3You____tothemeetingthisafternoonifyouhavesomethingimportanttodo.
Aneedn’ttocomeBdon’tneedcome
Cdon’tneedcomingDneedn’tcome
4“MayIpickaflowerinthegarden?
”“____.”
ANo,youneedn’tBNot,please
CNo,youmustn’tDNo,youwon’t
5You’dbetter____lateagain.
Adon’tBnotbeCnotbeingDwon’tbe
6“CanIleavethisdooropenatnight?
”“You____betternot.”
AshouldBwouldCcouldDhad
7Putonmoreclothes.You____befeelingcoldwithonlyashirton.
AcanBcouldCwouldDmust
8Ithoughtyou____likesomethingtoread,soIhavebroughtyousomebooks.
AmayBmightCcouldDmust
9Therewasplentyoftime.She____.
Amustn’thavehurriedBcouldn’thavehurried
Cmustn’tnothurryDneedn’thavehurried
10Theplantisdead.I____itmorewater.
AwillgaveBwouldhavegiven
CmustgiveDshouldhavegiven
11It’sfreezingoutside.You____putonyourovercoat.
AhadbettertoBhadbetter
CwouldbetterDwouldbetterto
12You____returnthebooknow.Youcankeepittillnextweekifyoulike.
Acan’tBmustn’tCneedn’tDmaynot
13“Whereismypen?
”“I____it.”
AmightloseBwouldhavelost
CshouldhavelostDmusthavelost
14Ididn’thearthephone.I____asleep.
AmustbeBmusthavebeen
CshouldbeDshouldhavebeen
15He_
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