英语辩论赛技巧外研社辩论赛思辨和语言训练.docx
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英语辩论赛技巧外研社辩论赛思辨和语言训练.docx
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英语辩论赛技巧外研社辩论赛思辨和语言训练
IntroductionAboutDebate
MATTER素材
1.‘Matter’relatestotheissuesindebate,thecasebeingpresentedandthematerialusedtosubstantiateargumentation.
2.Theissuesunderdebateshouldbecorrectlyprioritized(byteams)andordered(byindividuals),dealingwiththemostimportant/pertinentfirst.
3.Mattershouldbelogicalandwellreasoned.
4.Mattershouldberelevant,bothtotheissueincontentionandthecasesbeingadvanced.
5.Mattershouldbepersuasive.
wNo‘newmatter’istobeintroducedduringReplySpeeches.TheReplySpeechpresentsteamswithanopportunitytofocusonthemajorissue(s)inthedebateandthewayinwhichbothteamsapproachthat‘pointofClash’.TheReplySpeechshouldalsogivean‘optimisticoverview’ofthegeneralapproachtothedebatebybothsidesandfocusontherelativemeritsofthecasebythesideReplying,andtherelativeweaknessesinthecaseoftheopposingteam.
wAllspeakersshoulddevelop‘positivematter’inadvancingtheirrespectivecases.WhileanOppositionteammaywinbydemonstratingthattheGovernmenthasnotprovedthemotiontrue,theyshouldnotrelypurelyontheirrebuttaloftheGovernmentcaseandwilllikelybenefitfrompresentingpositivematterinoppositiontothemotion.
MANNER辩论风格
a)VocalStyle:
Volume,clarity,pronunciation,pace,intonation,fluency,confidence,andauthority.
b)Language:
Conversational.
c)Useofnotes:
Shouldnotdistract,shouldnotberead.
d)EyeContact:
Withaudience.
e)Gesture:
Natural,appropriate.
f)Sincerity:
Believability.
g)PersonalAttacks:
(derogatorycommentsarenottobetolerated).
h)Humor:
Effectiveness,appropriateness.
METHOD辩论方法
Themajorinfluenceonanadjudicatormustbe:
‘Isthespeaker’sandteam’sMethodEFFECTIVEinadvancingthecase?
’
a)Organization:
Thestructuringofindividualargumentsandorderingofcollectiveargumentsinthespeeches.
b)IssueSelection:
Theidentificationofrelevantpointsofclashintheround.
c)Perspective:
Theabilitytoexplaintherelevanceofindividualargumentstothemotionbeingargued.
d)Refutation:
Thewillingnessandabilitytoengageandcritiquethepointsofferedbytheopposingteam.
e)Teamwork:
Thedegreetowhichthemembersofateamworktogethertocollectivelyadvanceastrategy.
HowtoChooseMotions?
Prioritizationof3MotionsGivenBasedon:
a)KnowledgeResourceofTeammembers
Howmuchdoweknowofthisissue?
b)DebatingPositionsofYourTeam
WhatadvantagewillwehavewiththismotionasGovernment/Oppositionteam?
c)KnowledgeofOpposingTeam’sstatus
Whatarethestrengths/weaknessesofourOpponentsinthisdebate?
CaseConstructioninvolves:
DefiningtheMotion&CreatingArgumentsthatsupportit:
DefiningtheMotionmeans
a)Clearlystatingmeaningsof“keyterms”
E.g.“ThisHousebelievesthatprofessionalathletesaregoodrolemodelsforChineseyouth.”
b)EstablishTeamLine(BaseLine)&Split:
Motion
(THBTtheworldisaglobalvillage)
TeamLine/BaseLine/Stance
Becauseoftheexistenceofinterdependenceandcommoninterest
Spilt/CaseDivision
Thisistrueinthea)socialarena,b)geopoliticalrealmandc)economicsphere
c)CreatingArgumentsthatsupportit
wPrioritizetheArgumentswiththestrongestpresentedfirsttoproveglobalinterdependenceandgrowingcommoninterest:
wArgument1(1stSpeaker)
wSocialArena--evidence,casestudies,statistics,trendanalysis,etc
wArgument2(1stSpeaker)
wGeopolitics--ditto
wArgument3(2ndSpeaker)
wGlobalEconomics--ditto
w3rdSpeakersmustnotcarrynewarguments
SettingOppositionCase
wProposing“StatusQuo”
“Whychangewhenthingsarefinenow…”
wOfferinga“CounterProposal”
“Ourplanworksbetterthanyours….’
wProvide“PositiveObjections”
“Yoursdoesnotworkandwillbeharmfulto…”
w**Oppnneedstohaveteamline,split,prioritizedargumentsin1stand2ndSpeakerstoo!
RefutationStrategies
wWhatareRebuttals?
ArgumentsraisedinresponsetoOppn’sarguments.ComprisesanalysisofwhyOppniswrong,isconsistentwithowncase,aswellsupport/reinforceownteamline
wHowtodoit?
Statewhatargumentisrebutted,explainflaw(s)inargument,supportitwithevidence.examples,casestudies,andfinallylinkingitrelevantlytoyoursideofthetopic.
RebuttingPartsofArguments
w1.FactualError:
Yourargumentisfactuallywrong
“Yourstatistics/example/casestudiesarewrongbecause….”
w2.Yourargumentisnotsupportedbyanyevidence
“Youmerelyassertedthat...withoutprovidinganyrelevantexamples…”
w3.Theconsequencesofyourargumentarenotacceptable(morally,socially,etc)
w“Howcouldyoubansmokinginpubswhenitviolatestherightofthesmokerandhisfriendstosocializetogether…”
w4.NotImportant:
Yourargumentiscorrectbuthaslittleweightinthisdebate
w“Yourpolicyhelpsontheminority,thesmokers,butwhataboutthemajorityofthenon-smokerswhohavetoinhalesecond-handsmokeinpubs…”
w5.Yourargumentisillogical–theconclusionsdonotfollowfromthepremises
w“YouclaimthatbanningcigaretteadvertisementsonTVwillcausemoreyoungpeopletosmokeasitmakessmokingmoremysteriousandenticing,likeaforbiddenfruit,butIsubmittoyouthattheoppositeismorelikelytobetrue:
banningasteadystreamofadvertisementsdepictingsmokingasglamorous/attractivewillREDUCEthenumberofyoungpeoplewhosmoke.”
w6.NotRelevant/Irrelevant:
w“Thefactthatsmokingcausescancerisnotrelevanttothisdebatebecausetheissueathandistherightofindividualcitizenstomakeinformedchoicesconcerningtheirownpersonalhealth….”
w7.ContradictioninOpponents’Arguments
wPointoutthatthespeakers/teamarenotclearabouttheirowncase.Tobeabletocatchtheopponentscontradictingthemselvesrequiresgoodtrackingskills,thatis,skillsingoodnote-takingandActiveListening.
w8.Failuretoperformroles/responsibilitiesdeclared
wPM:
“TototallydestroytheOppositionandwintoday’sdebate,theGovernmentwilldothefollowing3things:
wshowthatwomenarestrongerthanmen
wshowthatwomenaresmarterthanmen
wshowthatwomenarewiserleadersthanmen
wtoprovethatwomenaretrueheroesoftheNewMillennium.”
wTodamagetheopponents,pointouttheirfailuretocovertheareastheypromisedtogooverinthePM’sspeech.
RebuttingtheCaseasaWhole
wTobreakdownthecaseoftheopponents,itisnotenoughtorebuteach/all/randomargumentsputforthbythem.
wWinningadebatewillrequireyoutosystematicallybreakdownateam’scase.
Herearethequestions/pointstoconsider
w1Whatistheirapproachtothecase?
Isitflawed?
Why?
w2Whattasksdidtheysetthemselves?
Didtheyaddressthem?
Whatproblemsarethereinthewaytheyaddressthem?
w3Whatisthegeneralemphasisofthecase?
Whatassumptionsaremade?
Cantheyberefuted?
w4Whatarethekeyargumentsoftheotherside?
Howcantheybeshowntobeflawed?
w5.Focusonidentifyingthekeyissues/argumentswhichareusedtosupportthecaseoftheopponentsandthensystematicallybreakingthemdownbyshowingthattheycannotstanduptoscrutiny.
w**Donottrytoshootdownallexamples/argumentsastherewillnotbeenoughtime,andisunsystematic.
PointofInformation(POI)
wPOIsarecommentsmadebymembersdirectedatthespeechof
wthememberholdingthefloor;POIshouldbebrief,pertinentand
wpreferablywitty.Pointsoforderandpointsofpersonalprivilege
wareprohibited.
Offering&RespondingtoPointsofInformation(POIs)
wAPOIcanbeaQuestionoraStatement/Clarification/Contradictionandshouldnottakemorethan15seconds
wEachSpeakerisstronglyencouragetoAcceptatleast2POIs
wAllteammembersshouldtrytogivePOIswithoutbeingdisruptive
HowPOIsofferedarejudged
w1.Thethreattheyposetothestrengthoftheargumentofthedebater,
w2.Valueofitswitandhumour
HowPOIstakenarejudged
w1.PromptnessandConfidenceinanswering
w2.StrengthoftheResponse
w3.Valueofwitandhumour
“pleaseanswermyquestion”“mydearfriend”
wWethinkthisistremendouswasteofyourwordsbyalwayssaying“mydearfriends”,“pleaseanswermyquestions”sobluntly.
考核要求及标准
w辩论技巧:
辩手语言是否流畅,说理、分析是否透彻,反驳和应变能力是否强,说服力和逻辑性是否强。
w内容:
论点和论据内容是否正确、充实,引用资料和实例是否恰当。
w风度和幽默感:
辩手的表情、动作是否恰当,是否有风度及幽默感。
w自由辩论:
各队在自由辩论中的识辩能力、说明能力和逻辑性是否强,接句是否合适,回答是否中肯,反驱是否有力、有理,反应是否机敏,用语是否得体。
w整体合作:
全队各辩手的论点是否一致,结构是否完整,队员之间的配合、合作是否默契。
w个人表现:
全队每个辩手的参与度如何,全队辩手的整体实力是否强。
附:
上交辩论素材形式模版
Topic:
WorldGovernmentsShouldConductSeriousCampaignsAgainstSmoking
Theargument:
keywords
1.Definitelink:
smokingandbronchialtroubles,heartdisease,lungcancer.
2.Governmentshear,see,smell,noevil.
3.Afewgovernments:
timidmeasures.
4.E.g.Britain:
TVadvertisingbanned;nation’sconscienceappeased;cancerousdeath.
5.Officialreactionstomedicalfindings:
lukewarm.
6.Tobacco:
sourceofrevenue.E.g.Britain:
tobaccotaxpaysforeducations.
7.Ashort-sightedpolicy.
8.Enormoussumsspentfightingthedisease;liveslost.
9.Smokingshouldbebannedaltogether.
10.Wearenotreadyforsuchdrasticaction.
11.Butgovernments,ifreallyconcerned,shouldconductaggressiveanti-smokingcampaigns.
12.Thetobaccoindustryspendsvastsumsonadvertising.
13.Advertising:
insidious,dishonest.
14.Nevershownpicturesofrealsmokerscoughinguplungs,onlyvirileyoungmen.
15.Smokingassociatedwithgreatopen-airlife,beautifulgirls,togetherness,Nonsense!
16.Alladvertisingshouldbebanned;anti-smokingcampaignconducted.
17.Smokingshouldbebannedinpublicplaces.
18.Youngpeopleshouldbewarned,direconsequences.
19.Warning
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- 关 键 词:
- 英语 辩论赛 技巧 外研社 思辨 语言 训练
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