专四短文听写常见错误评析.docx
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专四短文听写常见错误评析.docx
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专四短文听写常见错误评析
AnAnalysisofCommonMistakesinDictationofTem-4
一、由音变现象而导致的错误(changeofpronunciation)
二、由英美两种发音差异而导致的错误(differentpronunciationinBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish)
三、同音词与近音词分辨不清(thewordshavingsameorsimilarpronunciation)
四、单词拼写导致的错误(wrongspelling)
一、由音变现象而导致的错误(Changeofpronunciation,includinglinking,assimilation,weakform,incompleteplosive)
.Sound-linking
1.Whatislinking?
WhenspeakersofEnglisharespeaking,theyarrangewordsintogroupsandjointogetherthestressedandunstressedwordswithinthegroup.Theymovesmoothlyfromonewordtothenextwithoutmakinganysuddenstops.Sowhenwelistentotheirspeech,weheartheendofonewordflowstraightintothebeginningofthenext.Thisphenomenonofjoiningwordstogetheriscalledlinking.
2.HowtolinkwordsinEnglishspeech?
SpeakersofEnglishjoinwordstogetherbyblendingorjoiningthelastsoundofawordwiththeinitialsoundofthefollowingword.
Threecommonwaystoachievelinking:
Linking
Definition
Examples
Thefinalconsonant+theinitialvowel
(辅音+元音)
Tojointhefinalconsonantofonewordwiththeinitialvowelofthefollowingword
第一个单词以辅音结尾,下一个单词以元音开头时,两个词连读
outandout;
situp;
lookoutof;
postoffice
consonant+[h]
(辅音+[h]音)
Tojointhefinalconsonantofonewordwiththevowelafter[h]ofthefollowingword
第一个单词以辅音结尾,下一个单词以清辅音[h]开头,前一个辅音将击穿清辅音[h],直接与[h]后的元音发生连读。
giveher;
misshim;
Ishebusy?
(r+vowel)
字母r+元音
Tolinkthefinalrtoafollowingvowel
第一个单词以字母r结尾,下一个单词以元音开头,原本不发音的字母r发辅音[r],与后面的元音发生连读。
arein;
thereare;
moreandmore
whereamI
Forexample:
Flight5125scheduledtotakeoffat11:
30willbedelayedfor20minutes.Pleasecheckinhalfanhourpriortodeparture.
(checking)(halfanow)
2.Assimilation—tochangethepronunciationofsomefinalandinitialconsonants
英语口语中,某些音连读通常发生音变,称作音的同化现象。
音变不仅仅发生在词与词之间,还通常发生在词的内部。
Assimilation
Examples
+→
notyet,lastyear
[d]+[j]→[
didyou,couldyou
[z]+[j]→[
becauseyou,seizeyou
[s]+[j]→[
suit,issue
SentencePractice
1.Hereistheanswer.
2.Thereisahugetreeoverthere.
3.Afteranearlybreakfast,westartedoff.
4.Heisslowerateating.
5.Hedidn’tsayawordforawhile.
6.Shesatupforalongtime.
7.Theteacheraskedaquestion.
Singthesong(MyHeartWillGoOn)
Dictation(Pet)
.WeakForms
1.Definition
ManyfunctionwordsinEnglishhavetwopronunciations:
astressedform(orstrongform)andunstressedform(orreducedform,weakform).Theunstressedformisthusanalternativepronunciationofawordwhichisreducedinitsarticulation./ə/isthemostfrequentlyusedvowelintheunstressedformsandnextcomes/i/.
弱音即元音的弱化,指一个单词中的元音在口语中,由于说话时语速快或在句子中处于次要位置,而不发标准读音,变为弱化元音的语音现象。
在日常生活中,这种弱音现象具有不确定性(uncertainty),它完全取决于说话人当时的语气、情绪、习惯等因素,这可能使得实际读音与标准音相比相去甚远,需多加小心弱读现象。
2.TheImportanceofLearningWeakForms
Firstly,mostnativespeakersofEnglishfindan“all-strongform”pronunciationveryunpleasant.
Secondly,learnerswhoarenotfamiliarwiththeuseofweakformsarelikelytohavedifficultyunderstandingnativespeakers.
Forexample:
thepossiblepronunciationsof“and”:
1)
“breadandbutter”
3.CommonPhenomenaofWeakForms
WeakForms
Examples
longvowel→shortvowel
长元音弱化成短元音
he;she;me;we;who;whose;been
omittedsound
元音前的辅音省略或辅音前的元音省略
his;him;is;have
[ə]
元音弱化成[ə]
us;for;must;does;of;but;until
ListeningExerciseofStrongForms&WeakForms
Dictation(Tourism)
.IncompletePlosive
1.Plosive
爆破音(plosive)是指气流(airflew)在口腔中某处形成阻碍,然后气流冲破阻碍而发出的音。
这些音有6个,即[p]、[b]、[t]、[d]、[k]、[g]。
但在某些情况下,发爆破音时,气流不必冲破阻碍,而只是发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍,并稍作停顿(也就是说,做好发这个音的准备,但不要发出音来),这样的发音过程叫做“不完全爆破”。
2.CommonPhenomenaofIncompletePlosive
IncompletePlosive
Examples
[p]、[b]、[t]、[d]、[k]、[g]这六个爆破音中任何两个音素相邻时,前者发不完全爆破音,后者则要完全地爆破。
1)Hehasaba(d)col(d)today.
2)Youshoul(d)ta(k)ecareofthechildren.
3)Gla(d)tomeetyou.
PhrasePractice1
爆破音[p]、[b]、[t]、[d]、[k]、[g]在[θ],[ð],,,前面时不完全爆破。
1)Haveyourea(d)thebookabou(t)tha(t)child.
2)Thethir(d)chairisbroken.
PhrasePractice2,3
爆破音[p]、[b]、[t]、[d]、[k]、[g]在鼻音[m]、[n]或舌边音[l]前面时不完全爆破
1)Goo(d)morning,sir.
2)Goo(d)night.
3)Theyareveryfrien(d)lytous.
PhrasePractice4,5
不完全爆破可以发生在单词内部,如blackboard,kindness
也可以发生在短语或句子中,
E.g.Formanypeopleinthewest,NewYear’sEveisthebigges(t)partyoftheyear.It’stimetoge(t)togetherwithfriendsorfamily.
SingtheSong(HeyJude)
Dictation(Creativity)
二、由英、美两种发音差异导致的错误(differentpronunciationinBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish)
1.在[r]音上的差异(thedifferenceofthesound[r])
在一个单词里,当字母r位于一个元音的后面时,英式英语一般不将[r]音发出,而美式英语中则总是把它发出来。
如:
farm在英式英语中读作a:
而在美式英语中读作[fa:
rm];car在英式英语中读作[ka:
],而在美式英语中读作[ka:
r]。
也就是说,在英国标准音中,字母r在元音前才发音,如real,而在辅音前或词尾时是不发音的。
但在美语中,r在辅音前发明显的卷舌音[r],在词尾时亦发音。
E.g.ladder;lecture;morning;apartment;weather;advertisement
2.在元音上的差异(thedifferenceofvowel)
1)字母a在前,英国人将字母a读作[a:
],而美国人则读作[]
WORD
BE
AE
WORD
BE
AE
ask
[a:
sk]
[æsk]
last
[la:
st]
[læst]
pass
[pa:
s]
[pæs]
past
[pa:
st]
[pæst]
class
[kla:
s]
[klæs]
grass
[gra:
s]
[græs]
path
[pa:
]
[pæ
bath
[ba:
]
[bæ]
Otherexamples:
can’t;dance;fast;half
MyfatherreadmypalmcalmlyinChicagoplaza.
BE[fa:
ðəri:
d pa:
lmka:
mli ∫i'ka:
gəupla:
zə]
AE[fæðər ri:
dpælm kæmli ∫i'kægəuplæzə]
2)英国人将字母o读作,美国人则将o读作
E.g.box;crop;hot;ironic;polish;spot
字母o在非重读音节中,英式英语多不发音,而美式英语则都发音。
如:
BEAE
history ['histri] ['histəri]
factory ['fæktri] ['fæktəri]
dictionary ['dik∫ənri] ['dik∫ənəri]
3).在单词direct,directly,director,direction中的元音字母i,英式英语中读作[i],美式英语中则读作[ai]。
如:
direct的英国音标为[di'rekt],美国音标则为[dairekt]。
4).其他(others)
Word
BE
AE
neither
either
record
vary
schedule
3.词汇运用差异—美国英语和英国英语常用不同的单词表示同一事物或概念。
Type
AmericanEnglish
BritishEnglish
Chinese
Transportation
one-wayticket
singleticket
单程票
roundtripticket
returnticket
来回票
subwayunderground
Tube
地铁
underpass
subway
地下通道
buscoach
bus
公共汽车
truck
lorry
卡车
ticketoffice
bookingoffice
票房
sidewalk
pavement
人行道
gas/gasoline
petrol
汽油
gasstation
fillingstation
加油站
windshield
windscreen
挡风玻璃
Post
towire
totelegram
拍电报
tocall(up)
toring(up)
打电话
longdistancecall
trunkcall
长途电话
phonebooth
phonebox
公共电话亭
zipcode
postcode
邮编
Clothes
pants
trousers
裤子
undershirt
vest
贴身内衣
undershorts
underwearpants
短裤
Food
candy
sweets
糖果
can
tin
罐头
potatochips
crisps
炸薯片
Frenchfries
chips
炸薯条
liquor
sprits
烈酒
Entertainment
vacation
holiday
假日
movietheatre
cinema
电影院
Medicaltreatment
emergencyward
casualtydepartment
急诊室
operatingroom
operatingtheatre
手术室
drugstore/pharmacy
chemist's/pharmacy
药房
druggist
chemist
药师
togetsick
tobetakenill
生病
Others
instructor
lecturer
讲师
bartender
barman/barmaid
酒吧招待
sales-girl
shop-girl/shopassistant
售货员
fire-man
stoker
司炉
fire-fighter
fireman
消防员
trash-can
dust-bin
垃圾箱
raise
rise
(工资)增加
towaitinline
queueup
排队
Dictation(IndustrialPollution)
三、同音词与近音词分辨不清(thewordshavingsameorsimilarpronunciation)
1.造成失分较多的几个发音难点和易混淆音节
PhoneticSymbols
Examples
lead-lid;dead-did;peek-pick
fool-full;pool-pull
cart-cut;heart-hut
mass-mess;bad-bed;dad-dead
fight-fat;bike-back;lack-like
veil-whale;vest-west;vet-wet
sign-shine;sigh-shy;shame-same
course-cause;loose-lose
worth-worse;path-pass;think-sink
thin-thing;sin-sing;ban-bang;
lace-race;correct-collect;light-right
need-lead;night-light;nine-line
air-heir
aisle-isle
aren’t-aunt
bare-bear
brake-break
bred-bread
buy-by
cell-sell
cent-scent
coarse-course
complement-compliment
dam-damn
dear-deer
die-dye
weight-wait
eye-I
fair-fare
father-farther
flour-flower
for-four
forth-fourth
groan-grown
hair-hare
heal-heel
hear-here
herd-heard
hole-whole
hour-our
idle-idol
knight-night
knot-not
know-no
knows-nose
knew-new
made-maid
mail-male
wring-ring
meat-meet
one-won
pair-pear
passed-past
peace-piece
plain-plane
poor-pour
pray-prey
principal-principle
profit-prophet
real-reel
right-write-rite
root-route
sail-sale
scene-seen
sea-see
seam-seem
sight-site
steal-steel
sun-son
tail-tale
there-their
threw-through
two-to-too
way-weigh
wear-where
weather-whether
week-weak
四、单词拼写导致的错误(wrongspelling)
1.ConfusedWords
T
F
T
F
visitor
visiter
builder
buildor
distributor
distributer
license
lisense
independence
independance
resistance
resistence
2.Transformation
Forexamples:
explain(v.)explanation(n.)explaination
pronounce(v.)pronunciation(n.)
complex(a.)complexity(n.)
sympathy(n.)sympathize(v.)sympasize
3.DoubleConsonantsinaWord
Forexamples:
success,necessary,command,disappear,commonplace,attitude,appetite,communication,etc.
4.LetterswithoutPronunciationinaWord
1)词尾的字母e通常不发音,例如:
love,behave,native.需要记住特例recipe.
2)字母gh组合有时不发音,如night,caught,sigh等等。
但在另一些词中,gh组合可能发[f]音,例如laugh,draughty.
3)以“h+元音”开头的部分词,h不发音,如:
honor,honest,heir等。
4)字母组合wh在o前w不发音,例如:
whole,whose,wholesale.
5)以gn,kn,mn,pn开头的词,其中只有字母n发音。
例如:
know,gnu,pneumonia.
6)以wr开头的词,w不发音。
例如:
wraith,wreath.
7)字母组合sc出现在e,i,y之前,c不发音。
例如:
scene,scenery,science.
8)字母组合st中,有时t不发音。
例如:
listen,whistle
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