08 主谓一致.docx
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08 主谓一致.docx
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08主谓一致
LectureVIIISubject-VerbConcord
Warm-up
1.Isthereanybodyintheclassroom?
________
A.No,thereisn’t.
B.No,therearen’t.
C.No,therenot.
D.No,havenot.
2.NeitherheorI________hisstudent.
A.is
B.am
C.are
D.be
3.Tomwithhisfriends________volleyballsincethreeo’clock.
A.hasbeenplaying
B.isplaying
C.havebeenplaying
D.haveplayed
4.Twokilograms________tooheavyforasickman.
A.is
B.are
C.was
D.were
5.Heisoneofthosewho________veryhard.
A.works
B.work
C.is
D.are
Inlinguistics,concord,alsotermedagreement,canbedefinedastherelationshipbetweentwogrammaticalunitssuchthatoneofthemdisplaysaparticularfeature(eg.plurality)thataccordswithadisplayed(orsemanticallyimplicit)featureintheother.Sucharelationshipcouldbeformedonthebasisofseveralgrammaticalfeaturessuchasperson,genderandnumber.Butthemostimportanttypesofconcordisthenumberconcordbetweensubjectandverb.
1.Guidingprinciples
Therearethreeprinciplesguidingsubject-verbconcord;theyare:
(1)theprincipleofgrammaticalconcord;
(2)theprincipleofnotionalconcord;(3)theprincipleofproximity
1)Grammaticalconcord
Theprincipleofgrammaticalconcordreferstotherulesthatverbmustmatchitssubjectinnumber.Ifthesubjectisplural,theverbshouldtakethepluralform;if,ontheotherhand,thesubjectissingularorisamassnoun,theverbshouldtakethesingularform,forexample:
Bothboyshavetheirownmerits.
WiththeexceptionofMary,allthegirlstudentsareeagertogototheparty.
Eachboyhashisownbook.
Mucheffortiswasted.
Usinganemailaddressspecificallyforyourjobsearchalsoeliminatesthepossibilitythatyouwillreceivedunwelcomeemailsinyourprimarymailbox.(CET4-0706)
ItisnotconvenientformetoreturnallthebookstothelibrarynowbecauseIstillneedsomeofthemformyresearch.
Whathesaidinthemeetingdisgustedeverybodypresent.
Alotofantsarealwaysinvadingmykitchen.Theyareathoroughnuisance.(CET4-0001)
2)Notionalconcord
Theprincipleofnotionalconcordreferstotherulethattheverbcansometimesagreewithsubjectaccordingtothenotionofnumberratherthantotheactualpresenceofthegrammaticalmarkerforthatnotion,forexample:
Thegovernmenthaveaskedthecountrytodecidebyavote.
Fifteenmilesseemslikealongwalktome.
3)Proximity
Theprincipleofproximitydenotesagreementoftheverbwithacloselyprecedingnounphraseratherthantoagreementwiththeheadofthenounphrasethatfunctionsassubject,forexample:
Eithermybrothersormyfatheriscoming.
Onlyoneoutoffivewerepresent.
NeitherJulianorIamgoing.
Generallyspeaking,grammaticalconcordisthebasicprinciple,butwhenthesubjectisrealizedbyacollectivenoun,acoordinateformoranexpressionofquantity,theothertwoprincipleswillhavetobeconsidered.
2.Subject-VerbConcord
1)Problemsofconcordwithnounsendingin-s
Therearequiteafewnounsthatendin-sbutwhicharenotcountable.Someofthesenounsaretreatedassingular,someasplural,andsomeeitherassingularorplural.Allthiscanbedealtwiththefollowingheadings.
(1)Diseaseandgamenamesendingin-s
Namesofdiseasesendingin-saremostlytreatedassingular,e.g.arthritis(关节炎),bronchitis(支气管炎),mumps(腮腺炎),diabetes(糖尿病),etc.forexample:
Mumpsisakindofinfectiousdisease.Butthereareafewsuchnameswhichcanbeusedeitherassingularorasplural,forexample:
phlebitis(静脉炎),measles(麻疹),rickets(软骨病、驼背),etc,
Ricketsis/arequiterarenow.
Measlesisaninfectiousillnessthatgivesyouahightemperatureandredspotsonyourskin.
Gamenamesendingin-saregenerallyusedassingularwiththeexceptionofcardswhichisusuallytreatedasplural,forexample:
Darts(标枪)/Billiards(台球)ishisfavoritegame.
Cardsarenotallowedhere.
ForChina,the16-dayGamesareanopportunitytoshowtheworldhowfarithascomesince1949–particularlyinthepastthreedecadesofitshistoricdevelopment.
(2)Subjectnamesendingin-ics
Namesofsubjects(学科)endingin-icsaregenerallysingularnouns,e.g.physics,mathematics,mechanics,optics(光学),acoustics(声学),etc.Butsomesuchnounsaretreatedaspluralwhenusedinothersensesthansubjectname,forexample:
Acousticsisthescienceofsound.VSTheacousticsinthenewconcerthallarefaultless.
Economicsisarequiredcourseforallthestudents.VSTheeconomicsoftheprojectarestillbeingconsidered.
(3)Geographicalnamesendingin-s
Geographicalnames,suchasthenamesofarchipelagos(群岛),mountainranges,straits(海峡)andfalls(waterfalls)aregenerallyusedasplural,exceptforafewtreatedassingularwhenusedascountrynames,forexample:
TheHimalayashaveamagnificentvarietyofplantandanimallives.
TheUnitedStatesisacountryofpeoplewithvariedorigins.
(4)Othernounsendingin-s
Namesforthingsmadeoftwopartssuchasscissors,pincers(钳子),trousers,pajamas,shorts,briefs,glasses,etc.areusuallyusedasplural.Butwhentheyareprecededbysuchunitnounsasapairofandtwopairsof,thenumberformofthefollowingverbisgenerallydeterminedbythenumbermakeroftheunitnoun,forexample:
Trouserscoveryourbottomandhavetwotubesofmaterialtocoveryourlegs.
Apairofpajamasconsistsofloosetrousersandaloosejacketortopthatpeople,especiallymenandchildren,wearinbed.
Nounsusuallytakingpluralendingssuchasarchives,arms,clothes,contents,eaves,fireworks,gallows(绞刑架),goods,minutes,morals,remains,stairs,suburbs,thanks,wages,etcaregenerallyusedaspluralwiththeexceptionofwhereabouts,dramatics,etcwhichmaybetreatedeitheraspluralorassingular.Forexample:
Thecontentsofthisbookaremostfascinating.
Hiswhereaboutswere/wasknownonlytohispersonalstaff.
Nounsendingin–ingssuchasclippings,diggings,earnings,filings,lodgings,surroundings,sweepings,etcaregenerallyusedaspluralwiththeexceptionoftidingswhichcanbeusedbothways.Forexample:
Thesweepingsofthegodown(仓库)havebeendisposedof.
Goodtidingshavecheeredthemup.Thetidingshascomealittletoolate.
Therearealsonounssuchasbarracks(营房)andheadquarters,means,series,species,works,etcwhosesingularandpluralnumbersharethesameform.Thesenounsaretreatedaspluralwhenusedinthepluralsense,orviceversa.Forexample:
Abarrackswasstormedbytheenemytroops.
Allmeanshavebeentriedouttoincreaseagriculturalproduction.
Butsuchnounsasoddsandremainsmeanquitedifferentlyintheirsingularandpluralformsrespectively.Forexample:
What’stheodds?
(=Whatdoesitmatter?
)VSTheoddsareagainstus.(=Wearenotlikelytosucceed.)
Hisremainslieinthechurchyard.VSTheremainsofthemealwere/wasfedtothedog.
2)Problemsofconcordwithcollectivenounsassubject
Collectivenounsaresingularinformbutpluralinmeaning.Thechoicebetweengrammaticalandnotionalconcordismostlydictatedbyusage.
(1)Collectivenounsusuallyusedasplural
Theseincludedpeople,police,cattle,militia(民兵),poultry(家禽),vermin(害虫),etc.forexample:
TheChinesepeoplearegreatpeople.
Domesticcattleprovideuswithmilk,beefandhides.
(2)Collectivenounscanalsobeusedassingular
Theseincludefoliage(植物),machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,etc.forexample:
Allthemachineryinthefactoryismadeinchina.
Themerchandisehasarrivedundamaged.
(3)Collectivenounsusedaspluralorassingular
Theseincludedaudience,committee,class,crew,family,government,public,etc.Thechoiceoftheverbformfollowingsuchnounsdependsontheexactmeaningofthenouninaspecificcontext.Whenthenounisusedinthesenseofacollectiveasawhole,theverbtakessingularform.If,ontheotherhand,thenounisusedinthesenseoftheindividualsthatmakethecollective,theverbtakesthepluralform,forexample:
Hisfamilyisverylarge.VSMyfamilyareBeijingOperafans.
Thesquadofsoldiersisatop-notchfightingunit.VSThesquadofsoldiershavethebestratingsofindividualperformance.
TheBritishgovernmentoftensaysthatfurnishingchildrenwithaccesstotheinformationsuperhighwayisatoppriority.
Theanti-crimecommitteeistomakeitsreporttomorrow.(asawhole,onlyonememberofthecommitteewilldothejob.)
Thenationalfootballteamwere/waswashingtheirfeetintheriver.
(4)Acommitteeof,apanelof,a/theboardof,etc.+pluralnoun,usuallytheverbtakesthesingularform.Forexample:
Theboardofdirectorsisresponsibleforthemanagementofthecompany.
Acommitteeoffivemenandthreewomenistoconsiderthematter.
3)Problemsofconcordwithacoordinatesubject
(1)Coordinationwith“and”or“both…and”
Coordinationby“and”or“both…and”isusuallytreatedaspluralwhenitreferstotwoormorethantwopersons/things,butitistreatedassingularwhenitreferstoonepersonorthing,e.g.
BothJohnandMarryaregoodatdrawing.
Hamandeggsisagoodbreakfast.
AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.只工作不玩耍,聪明的孩子也变傻。
AhusbandandwifeinChinaisencouragedtohaveonechild.
Criticismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes.(CET4-9806)
Scienceandtechnologyhavecontributedinimportantwaystotheimprovementofagriculturalproduction.(CET4-0501)
Someellipticalconstructionscontainingandappearsingularbutwithapluralmeaning,soitfollowstheprincipleofnotionalconcord,forexample:
Goodandbadtasteareinculcatedbyexample.
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