语言学模拟题.docx

语言学模拟题.docx

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语言学模拟题

语言学模拟题

一、Fillintheblanks（20分）

1.Phonetic（语音学的）,asoneofthesub-branchesoflinguistics,isthestudyofspeechsounds.P17

2.Thefieldofstudywhichinvestigates（研究）theinterrelationoflanguageandmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.P21

3.Themajorfunctionofgrammaticalwordsistoexpressgrammaticalmeaning.（whichisalsoknownasfunctionwords）P80

4.AccordingtoG.Leechthematic（主题的）meaningisrelatedwiththewayinwhichthemessageisorganizedintermoforderandemphasis.P159

5.Thebasicrequirementsthatatestmustfulfillarevalidity（测验效度,有效性,真实性）andreliability（信度,可靠性）.P381

二、Answerthefollowingquestionsordefinethetermsasrequiredusingexamplesifnecessary.（40分）

1.Whatisthesyntagmaticrelationship（组合关系）?

P119

InSaussure’sview,languageisasystemofsigns,eachofwhichconsistsoftwoparts:

SIGNIFIED（所指，意味,意义）（concept）andSIGNIFIER（能指）（soundimage语音映像））.Andtherelationshipbetweenthesetwopartsisarbitrary.Thereforethelinguistcannotattempttoexplainindividualsignsinapiecemeal零碎的fashion.Insteadhemusttrytofindthevalueofasignfromitsrelationstoothers,orrather,itspositioninthesystem.

ThetwoprincipaltypesofrelationswhichSaussureidentified确定aresyntagmatic组合关系andparadigmaticrelations聚合关系.Thesyntagmaticrelationshipisarelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetweenelementswhichareallpresent,suchastherelationbetweenweatherandtheothersinthefollowingsentence:

Iftheweatherisnice,we’llgoout.

Therearesyntacticandsemantic语义的conditionsthewordsinasyntagmaticrelationmustmeet.Forexample,1belowisanacceptablesentence,but2and3arenot:

1.Theboykickedtheball.

2.Boytheballkickedthe.

3.Theballkickedtheboy.

Theparadigmaticrelation,SaussureoriginallycalledAssociative,isarelationholdingbetweenelementsreplaceablewitheachotherataparticularplaceinastructure,orbetweenoneelementpresentandtheothersabsent.Forexample,inthecontextThe____________issmiling,thereareconstraintsonthepossibleelementsoccurringhere.

2.Inwhatsenseistheanalysisofasentenceintermsoftheme主题andrheme表位,述位（指为主体提供新信息的句子成分）functional?

P485

Theanalysisofasentenceintermsof根据,按照,用...的话,在...方面themeandrhemeisfunctionalinthesensethatthisdistinctionhastodowiththesemantic语义的sideoftheconstituents要素ofasentenceratherthantheformalside.Theyhavetodowiththeinformationconveyed通知；通报；传达,whethertheknownornew,themoreimportantorlessimportant.Incontrast,theanalysisofasentenceintermsofsubjectandpredicate谓词isformal,e.g.thesubjectwillbeinthenominative主格的forminlanguageswithcase格distinctions,theformofthepredicateverbwillhavetobeinagreementwiththesubjectincertaincategories种类,别,范畴.

OneofthemainideasofthePragueLinguisticCircleisthatasentencemaybeanalyzedfromthefunctionalsideaswellasthegrammaticalside.MathesiusheldthatApartfromtheanalysisofasentenceintermsofsubjectandpredicatefromtheformalpointofview,theremayalsobeafunctionalanalysisintermsofTHEMEandRHEME.Thefirsttermrefersto“thatwhichisknownoratleastobviousinthegivensituationandfromwhichthespeakerproceed进行,继续下去”,andthesecond“whatthespeakerstatesabout,orinregardto关于,thestartingpointoftheutterance说话”

Mathesiusmaintainedthatitisnaturalforthespeakertostartfromtheknowntotheunknown,andthetheme-rhemeorderistheusualoneinunemotionalnarration,whichiscalledobjectiveorder.Inemotionalnarration,however,itmaybepossibletoreversetheordertoputrhemebeforetheme.Andthisisasubjectiveorder.Forexample:

Thisletterwaswrittenbyfather

Itwastheletterthatfatherwrote.

3.Explaintheterm“deepstructure”.P132

Wementionedinsectiononimmediateconstituent要素analysisthattherearesomeinherent固有的,内在的,与生俱来的inadequacies不充分init.NowChomsky’sfirstsolutiontothemisthesuggestionthatweshouldmakeadistinctionbetweentwolevelsofstructures:

DEEPANDSURFACEstructures.TheformerDEEP

structuremaybedefinedastheabstractrepresentation表示法,表现,ofthesyntactic造句法的properties性质,特性ofaconstruction,i.e.theunderlying在下面的levelofstructuralrelationsbetweenitsdifferentconstituents,suchastherelationbetweentheunderlyingsubjectanditsverb,oraverbanditsobject.Incontrast,thelatteristhefinalstageinthesyntacticderivation来历,出处ofaconstruction,whichcloselycorrespondstothestructuralorganizationofaconstructionpeopleactuallyproduceandreceive.

InhisbookSyntacticStructurepublishedin1957,Chomskeyproposedalinguisticmodelconsistingofthreecomponents（P132）

deepstructure→surfacestructure→

Thephrasestructurecomponenthasphrasestructurerulesasfollowing:

S→NP+VP/VP→V+NP/NP→Det+N/Det→a/N→man/v→hit

Thatis,asentencesuchasThemanhitaballmayberewrittenasanounphrasethemanandaverbphrasehitaball;andthenounphrasetheman,oraball,asadeterminerthe,ora,andanounman,orballrespectively（P133）

4.Whatcontributionscansociolinguisticsmaketotheforeignlanguageteaching?

P241

Asfaraslanguageteachingisconcerned,sociolinguisticsisbelievedtohaveprovidedsomeimportantcontributionswhichcanbesummarizedasfollows:

a）Sociolinguisticshascontributedtoachangeofemphasisinthecontentoflanguageteaching;

b）Ithasalsocontributedtoinnovations创新inmaterialsandactivitiesfortheclassroom;

c）Ithascontributedtoafreshlookatthenatureoflanguagedevelopmentanduse;

d）Ithascontributedtoamorefruitfulresearchinthisfield.

5.Definetheterm“illocutionaryact”.P250

InAustin’sopinion,therearethreesensesinwhichsayingsomething（e.g.GOODMORNING!

）maybeunderstoodasdoingsomething.

Thefirstsenseisanordinaryone.Thatis,whenwespeakwemoveourvocalorgansandproduceanumberofsounds,organizedinacertainwayandwithacertainmeaning.Inthissense,whensomebodysays“Morning!

”,wecanaskaquestionlike”Whatdidhedo?

”insteadof“Whatdidhesay?

”Andtheanswercouldbethatheproducedasound,wordorsentence—“Morning!

”TheactperformedinthissenseiscalledaLOCUTIONARYACT发话行为.（theactofsayingsomething;it’sanactofconveyingliteral照字面上的meaningbymeansofsyntax,lexicon词汇,andphonology音系学.Namely,theutteranceofasentencewithdeterminate确定的senseandreference涵义意思或含义.）

Inotherwords,whenwespeak,wenotonlyproducesomeunitsoflanguagewithcertainmeanings,butalsomakeclearourpurposeinproducingthem,thewayweintendthemtobeunderstood,ortheyalsohavecertainforcesasAustinpreferstosay.Intheexampleof“Morning!

”wecansayithastheforceofagreeting,oritoughttohavebeentakenasagreeting.Thisisthesecondsenseinwhichtosaysomethingistodosomething,andtheactperformedisknownasanILLOCUTIONARYACT言外之意.（theactperformedinsayingsomething;itsforceisidentical同一的,同样的withthespeaker’sintention.）

Thethirdsenseinwhichtosaysomethingcanmeantodosomethingconcernstheconsequentialeffectsofalocution说话风格uponthehearer.Bytellingsomebodysomethingthespeakermaychangetheopinionoftheheareronsomething,ormisleadhim,orsurprisehim,orinducehimtodosomething,etc.Whetherornottheseeffectsareintendedbythespeaker,theycanberegardedaspartoftheactthespeakerhasperformed.Thisact,whichisperformedthrough,bymeansof,alocutionaryact,iscalledaPERLOCUTIONARYACT.（theactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething,it’stheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.）

三、Elaborate[I5lAbErEt]详细阐述thefollowinginnolessthan300wordsforeach（90分）

1.Whatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguage?

P3-9

Sowhatmakeshumanlanguagesocomplicatedandflexible,sounrestrained无限制的bytheimmediatecontextandsocapableofcreatingnewmeanings,inaword,sodistinctivefromlanguagesusedbyotherspecies?

ThefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalledDESIGNFEATURES.Thefollowingarethefrequentlydiscussedones：

1.Arbitrariness任意

ThewidelyacceptedmeaningofthisfeaturewhichwasdiscussedbySaussurefirstreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Forinstance,wecannotexplainwhyabookiscalleda/buk/andapena/pen/.HoweverthereseemtobedifferentlevelsofARBITRARINESS.

（1）Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorpheme词素，语素anditsmeaning.

Youmayobjecttothiswhenyouthinkofwordswithdifferentdegreesofonomatopoeia拟声,拟声法,象声词,namely,wordsthatsoundlikethesoundstheydescribe.E.g.theselinguisticformsseemtohaveanaturalbasis.ButinEnglish,totallydifferentwordsareusedtodescribethesound.Forexample,thedogbarkswowwowinEnglishbutwangwanginChinese.

Buttherearesomemisunderstandingsabouttheonomatopoeiceffect.Asamatteroffact,arbitraryandonomatopoeiceffectmayworkatthesametime.Forexample,WiddowsoncitesalinefromKeats’OdetoaNightingaletoillustrate:

Themurmuroushauntoffliesonsummereves.

（2）Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel

Accordingtosystemic-functionalistsandAmericanfunctionalists,languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel.Bysyntaxwerefertothewaysthatsentencesareconstructedaccordingtothegrammarofarrangement.So,inotherwords,especiallyinsofarasthiskindoforderisconcerned.Compare:

a）Hecameinandsatdown.B）Hesatdownandcamein.C）Hesatdownafterhecamein.

Thereforethefunctionalistsholdthatthemoststrictlyarbitraryleveloflanguageexistsin