German Culture Overview德国文化概况.docx
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German Culture Overview德国文化概况.docx
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GermanCultureOverview德国文化概况
GermanCultureOverview
MarineChemistry
21120311064
ZhuYaoyao
Abstract:
TheFederalRepublicofGermany,thecapitalisBerlin.Ithasapopulationof8211million.Andithasmanyfamouscities.ThereareHamburg,Munich,Frankfurtandsoon.ManyGermansareChristianandCatholic.
GermanculturebeganlongbeforetheriseofGermanyasanation-stateandspannedtheentireGerman-speakingworld.Fromitsroots,cultureinGermanyhasbeenshapedbymajorintellectualandpopularcurrentsinEurope,bothreligiousandsecular.HistoricallyGermanywascalledDasLandderDichterundDenker(thecountryofpoetsandthinkers).[1]
ReadGermany'sculturefromvariousangles,thispaperincludesseveralaspects:
language,literature,philosophy,music,media,architecture,art,religion,science,diet,sportandsociety.IhopeGermanculturaloverviewbeabletoletpeoplehaveagoodunderstandingofGermanculture.
KeyWords:
German;culture;language;literature;philosophy;music;media;architecture;art;religion;science;cuisine;sport;society
Language
GermanistheofficialandpredominantspokenlanguageinGermany.[2]Itisoneof23officiallanguagesintheEuropeanUnion,andoneofthethreeworkinglanguagesoftheEuropeanCommission,alongwithEnglishandFrench.RecognisednativeminoritylanguagesinGermanyareDanish,Sorbian,andFrisian.TheyareofficiallyprotectedbytheECRML.ThemostusedimmigrantlanguagesareTurkish,Kurdish,PolishandRussian.
StandardGermanisaWestGermaniclanguageandiscloselyrelatedtoandclassifiedalongsideEnglish,Dutch,andtheFrisianlanguages.Toalesserextent,itisalsorelatedtotheEast(extinct)andNorthGermaniclanguages.MostGermanvocabularyisderivedfromtheGermanicbranchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.[3]GermaniswrittenusingtheLatinalphabet.GermandialectsaredistinguishedfromvarietiesofstandardGerman.GermandialectsaretraditionallocalvarietiesandaretracedbacktothedifferentGermantribes.
Aroundtheworld,Germanhasapproximately100millionnativespeakersandalsoabout80millionnon-nativespeakers.[4]Germanisthemainlanguageofabout90millionpeople(18%)intheEU.67%ofGermancitizensclaimtobeabletocommunicateinatleastoneforeignlanguage,27%inatleasttwolanguagesotherthantheirown.[2]
Literature
GermanliteraturecanbetracedbacktotheMiddleAges,withthemostnotableauthorsoftheperiodbeingWalthervonderVogelweideandWolframvonEschenbach.TheNibelungenlied,whoseauthorremainsunknown,isalsoanimportantworkoftheepoch.ThefairytalescollectionscollectedandpublishedbyJacobandWilhelmGrimminthe19thcenturybecamefamousthroughouttheworld.
TheologianLuther,whotranslatedtheBibleintoGerman,iswidelycreditedforhavingsetthebasisforthemodern"HighGerman"language.AmongthemostadmiredGermanpoetsandauthorsareLessing,Goethe,Schiller,Kleist,Hoffmann,Brecht,HeineandSchmidt.NineGermanshavewontheNobelPrizeinliterature:
TheodorMommsen,PaulvonHeyse,GerhartHauptmann,ThomasMann,NellySachs,HermannHesse,HeinrichBöll,GünterGrass,andHertaMüller.
Philosophy
Theriseofthemodernnaturalsciencesandtherelateddeclineofreligionraisedaseriesofquestions,whichrecurthroughoutGermanphilosophy,concerningtherelationshipsbetweenknowledgeandfaith,reasonandemotion,andscientific,ethical,andartisticwaysofseeingtheworld.
GermanphilosophershavehelpedshapewesternphilosophyfromasearlyastheMiddleAges.Later,LeibnizandmostimportantlyKantplayedcentralrolesinthehistoryofphilosophy.KantianisminspiredtheworkofSchopenhauerandNietzscheaswellasGermanidealismdefendedbyFichteandHegel.MarxandEngelsdevelopedcommunisttheoryinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturywhileHeideggerandGadamerpursuedthetraditionofGermanphilosophyinthe20thcentury.AnumberofGermanintellectualswerealsoinfluentialinsociology,mostnotablyAdorno,Habermas,Horkheimer,Luhmann,Simmel,Tönnies,andWeber.TheUniversityofBerlinfoundedin1810bylinguistandphilosopherWilhelmvonHumboldtservedasaninfluentialmodelforanumberofmodernwesternuniversities.
Inthe21stcenturyGermanyhasbeenanimportantcountryforthedevelopmentofcontemporaryanalyticphilosophyincontinentalEurope,alongwithFrance,Austria,SwitzerlandandtheScandinaviancountries.[5]
Music
Inthefieldofmusic,GermanyclaimssomeofthemostrenownedclassicalcomposersoftheworldincludingBach,MozartandBeethoven,whomarkedthetransitionbetweentheClassicalandRomanticerasinWesternclassicalmusic.OthercomposersoftheAustro-GermantraditionwhoachievedinternationalfameincludeBrahms,Wagner,Haydn,Schubert,Händel,Schumann,Liszt,MendelssohnBartholdy,JohannStraussII,Bruckner,Mahler,Telemann,RichardStrauss,Schoenberg,Orff,andmostrecently,Henze,Lachenmann,andStockhausen.
Asof2006,Germanyisthefifthlargestmusicmarketintheworld,[6]hasexertedastronginfluenceontechnoandrockmusic,andpioneeredtrancemusic.Germanmusiciansand,particularly,thepioneeringbandsTangerineDreamandKraftwerkhavealsocontributedtothedevelopmentofelectronicmusic.[7]
Germanyhostsmanylargerockmusicfestivalsannually.TheRockamRingfestivalisthelargestmusicfestivalinGermany,andamongthelargestintheworld.GermanartistsalsomakeupalargepercentageofIndustrialmusicacts,whichiscalledNeueDeutscheHärte.GermanyhostssomeofthelargestGothscenesandfestivalsintheentireworld,witheventslikeWave-Gotik-TreffenandM'eraLunaFestivaleasilyattractingupto30000people.
Media
Germany'stelevisionmarketisthelargestinEurope,withsome34millionTVhouseholds.Themanyregionalandnationalpublicbroadcastersareorganisedinlinewiththefederalpoliticalstructure.Around90%ofGermanhouseholdshavecableorsatelliteTV,andviewerscanchoosefromavarietyoffree-to-viewpublicandcommercialchannels.Pay-TVserviceshavenotbecomepopularorsuccessfulwhilepublicTVbroadcastersZDFandARDofferarangeofdigital-onlychannels.[8]
Germanyishometosomeoftheworld'slargestmediaconglomerates,includingBertelsmann,theAxelSpringerAGandProSiebenSat.1Media.
TheGerman-speakingbookpublishersproduceabout700millioncopiesofbookseveryyear,withabout80000titles,nearly60000ofthemnewpublications.GermanyisinthirdplaceoninternationalstatisticsaftertheEnglish-speakingbookmarketandthePeople’sRepublicofChina.[9]TheFrankfurtBookFairisconsideredtobethemostimportantbookfairintheworldforinternationaldealsandtradingandhasatraditionthatspansover500years.
Architecture
ArchitecturalcontributionsfromGermanyincludetheCarolingianandOttonianstyles,importantprecursorsofRomanesque.TheregionthenproducedsignificantworksinstylessuchastheGothic,RenaissanceandBaroque.
ThenationwasparticularlyimportantintheearlymodernmovementthroughtheDeutscherWerkbundandtheBauhausmovementidentifiedwithWalterGropius.TheNazisclosedthesemovementsandfavouredatypeofneo-classicism.SinceWorldWarII,furtherimportantmodernandpost-modernstructureshavebeenbuilt,particularlysincethereunificationofBerlin.
Art
Germanarthasalonganddistinguishedtraditioninthevisualarts,fromtheearliestknownworkoffigurativearttoitscurrentoutputofcontemporaryart.
ImportantGermanRenaissancepaintersincludeAlbrechtAltdorfer,LucasCranachtheElder,MatthiasGrünewald,HansHolbeintheYoungerandthewell-knownAlbrechtDürer.ThemostimportantBaroqueartistsfromGermanyareCosmasDamianAsam.FurtherartistsarethepainterAnselmKiefer,romanticCasparDavidFriedrich,thesurrealistMaxErnst,theconceptualistJosephBeuys,orWolfVostellortheneo-expressionistGeorgBaselitz.
Religion
TheGermangovernmenthaslimitedresponsibilitiesforculture,whichisdevolvedtothestatesofGermany,calledBundesländer.
64.1percentoftheGermanpopulationbelongstoChristiandenominations.31.4percentareRomanCatholic,and32.7percentareaffiliatedwithProtestantism[10].
TheNorthandEastispredominantlyProtestant,theSouthandWestratherCatholic.Nowadaysthereisanon-religiousmajorityinHamburgandtheEastGermanstates.[11]GermanyformedasubstantialpartoftheRomanCatholicHolyRomanEmpire,butwasalsothesourceofProtestantreformerssuchasMartinLuther.
Historically,GermanyhadasubstantialJewishpopulation.OnlyafewthousandpeopleofJewishoriginremainedinGermanyaftertheHolocaust,buttheGermanJewishcommunitynowhasapproximately100,000members,manyfromtheformerSovietUnion.GermanyalsohasasubstantialMuslimminority,mostofwhomarefromTurkey.
Science
Germanyhasbeenthehomeofmanyfamousinventorsandengineers,suchasJohannesGutenberg,whoiscreditedwiththeinventionofmovabletypeprintinginEurope;HansGeiger,thecreatoroftheGeigercounter;andKonradZuse,whobuiltthefirstcomputer.[12]Germaninventors,engineersandindustrialistssuchasZeppelin,Daimler,Diesel,Otto,Wankel,VonBraunandBenzhelpedshapemodernautomotiveandairtransportationtechnologyincludingthebeginningsofspacetravel.[13][14]
TheworkofAlbertEinsteinandMaxPlanckwascrucialtothefoundationofmodernphysics,whichWernerHeisenbergandErwinSchrödingerdevelopedfurther.[15]TheywereprecededbysuchkeyphysicistsasHermannvonHelmholtz,JosephvonFraunhofer,andGabrielDanielFahrenheit,amongothers.WilhelmConradRöntgendiscoveredX-rays,a
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- German Culture Overview德国文化概况 Overview 德国 文化 概况