美国文学史及选读自考考点.docx
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美国文学史及选读自考考点.docx
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美国文学史及选读自考考点
TheliteratureofcolonialAmerica
JohnSmith
1)The1stAmericanwriter
2)作品“reportsofexploration”havebeendescribedasthe1stdistinctlyAmericanliteraturewritteninEnglish,attractedPilgrims(朝圣者)&thePuritans.
3)1608,写了封信“AtrueRelationofSuchOccurance&AccidentsofNoteasHathHappenedinVirginiaSincethe1stplantingofThatcolony”
4)1612,第二本书“AmapofVirginia:
withaDescriptionoftheCountry”
5)他一共出版了八本书,公司破产以后做了向导,hesoughtapostasguidetothepilgrims.
1624,“GeneralHistoryofVirginia”讲述HowtheIndianprincessPocahonatsSavedhim.
6)他早期记录和反映的思想慢慢演变成了美国历史的基本思想,这种思想推动了美国边疆的西移。
7)早期英格兰文学主要关于theological(神学),moral(道德),historicalandpolitical.
ThePuritansinNewEnglandembracedhardships,togetherwiththedisciplineofaharshchurch.Theyhadtoughness,purposeandcharacter,theygrappledstronglywithchallengestheysetthemselves.他们的基本价值观:
hardwork,thrift,pietyandsobriety.(也是美国作品的主导思想)
WilliamBradford&JohnWithrop
1)WilliamBradford:
“TheHistoryofPlymouthPlantation”(从1630年写起,关于一群清教徒从英国出发到Amsterdam最后到新大陆的过程)
CottonMather评价:
“acommonblessingandfathertothemall.”
2)JohnWithrop:
“TheHistoryofNewEngland”(1630,登上Arbella号去Massachusetts并keepajournalandtotherestofhislife.1826年出版)
3)Puritans
-Puritanswantedtomakepuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.ThePuritanwasWould-bepurifier.
-Lookeduponthemselvesasachoosenpeolple.
-AnyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifewasopposingGod’swillandwasnottobeaccepted.
-Theywerezealousindefenseoftheirownbeliefsbutoftenintolerantofthebeliefsofothers
-MadelawsaboutprivatemoralityaswellaspublicbehaviorNathanielHawthornecalledthem“sternandblackbrowedPuritans”
JohnCotton&RogerWilliams
1)JohnCotton:
Thepatriarch(教父)ofNewEngland
2)RogerWilliams:
“AkeyintothelanguageofAmeriaca”&“AhelptothelanguageoftheNativesinThatPartofAmericaCalledNewEngland”(美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南)
AnneBradstreet&EdwardTaylor
1)AnneBradstreet:
Oneofthemostinterestingoftheearlypoet.(1630乘Arbella到Massachusetts)
“TheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica”(在美洲诞生的第十个缪斯)
2)EdwardTaylor:
ThebestofthePuritanPoets(作品大部分关于宗教)
TheLiteratureofReasonAndRevolution
1.AmericanIndependenceWar
NoahWebster评价:
Americanmustbeasindependentinliteratureassheisinpolitics,asfamousforartsasforarms.(文化上的独立,艺术上的著名)
②ThomasJefferson:
”DeclarationofIndependence(独立宣言)”
2.Enlightenment启蒙运动
3文学上独立的代表作
1785,Jefferson:
“NotesontheStateofVirginia.“
1791,Bartram:
“Travels”
BenjaminFranklin1706-1790
1)Inthecolonialperiod,theonlygoodAmericanauthorbeforetheRevolutionaryWar.
-BorninBoston曾创办“PennsylvaniaGazatte”,1732-1758出版”PoorRichard’sAlmanaccollocationofproverbs”
2)foundedtheJunto&EstablishedAmerica’sfirstcirculatinglibrary&foundedtheUniversityofPennsylvania
AidedJeffersoninwrittingtheDeclarationofIndependence.
3)The1stmajorwriters.
4)“Autobiography”,编辑了美国第一份殖民杂志“Generalmagazine”
朋友评价:
Hisshadowliesheavierthananyotherman’sonthisyoungnation.
ThomasPaine1739-1809
1)“GreatCommonerofMankind”(人类最平凡的人)&Pamphleteer(小册作家)
2)1772,hewrotehis1stpamphlet“ThecaseoftheOfficersoftheExcise”
1774,Franklin给他写推荐信“aningeniousworthyyoungman”
Heisapoliticalsatiristofgenius(政治讽刺的天才)
3)1776.1.10Hisfamouspamphlet“CommonSense”appeared,署名byanEnglishman(书中大胆拥护独立宣言各主张,因此成了美国独立革命思想的代言人)
4)1776-1783,“AmericanCrisis”signed“CommonSense”在部队被广泛传阅鼓舞士气
5)1791-1792,“RightsofMan”
6)在法国因反对路易十六和恐怖统治入狱,1793-1795,“TheAgeofReason”adeistictreatiseadvocatingarationalisticviewofreligion.(注重宗教观念的理性)
7)最后一部作品“AgrarianJustice”
ThomasJefferson1743-1826
美国历史上最为广泛影响的人物,同Franklin一样具人道主义精神
1)1776,withJohnAdams,BenjaminFranklin,RogerShermanandRobertRLivingston,hedraftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.
2)1800起担任两届美国总统,建立theLibraryofCongress,1819创建theuniversityofVirginia并担任第一任校长
PhilipFreneau
1)ThemostoutstandingwritterofthePost-Revolutionaryperiod.Doubleroleaspoetandpoliticaljournalist.
2)1770,“ThePowerofFancy”因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可
3)1776,“TheHouseofNight”(theGothicmood)F·L·帕蒂称它为“the1stdistinctlyromanticnoteheardinAmerica”and“TheBeautiesofSantaCruz”
4)1781,“TheBritishPrisonShip”
5)1786,他的早期作品被收录在“ThePoemsofPhilipFreneauWrittenChieflyDuringtheLateWar”
6)1788,“MiscellaneousWorks”.
1791,withJefferson’ssupport“NationalGazette”campaignedagainsttheopinionsofthe“GazetteoftheUnitedStates”
7)教材作品“TheWildHoneySuckle”“TheIndianBuryingGround”“ToaCaty-Did”
TheLiteratureofRomanticism
1)1828年AndrewJacksonasthe7thPresidentoftheUnitedStates标志Virginia王朝的结束1861年开始CivilWar.’[[[‘
2)美国早期的主要文学形式,被长篇、短篇故事和诗歌所取代novels,shortstories,andpoemsreplacedsermonsandmanifestosasAmerica’sprincipalliteraryforms.
WashingtonIrving1783-1859
1)Hewasthe1stgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticismfamiliarstyle.第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家,大众化风格
2)Hewasthe1stgreatbelletrist,writingalwaysforpleasure,andtoproducepleasure.第一个不折不扣的纯文学作家,他写作只是为了快乐和创造快乐
3)1819-1820,His“SketchBook”appearedthe1stmodernshortstoriesandthe1stgreatAmericanjuvenileliteraturetowritegoodhistoryandbiographyasliteraryentertainment.第一部《见闻札记》是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说,也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物,他把历史与传说当作娱乐形式来写。
他的短篇小说激发了世界各国人民进一步了解美国人民生活的兴趣。
4)19岁发表“JonathanOldstyle”,satiresofNewYorklif.讽刺纽约人的生活。
5)1809,“AHistoryofNewYork”以DiedrichKnickerbocker的名字出版,以轻松幽默的方式讲述早期荷兰殖民者在美洲殖民时的真实历史成为幽默作品中的经典。
6)1822,“BracebridgeHall”
7)1824,“TalesofTraveler”hastheflavoroftheGermanromanticism.
8)WithJohnHowardPaynewrotethebrilliantsocialcomedy:
“CharlestheSecond”or“TheMerryMonarch”
9)1828,“AHistoryoftheLifeandVoyagesofChristopherColumbus”
10)1829,“AChronicleoftheConquestofGrandada”
11)1831,“VoyagesandDiscoveriesoftheCompanionsofColumbus”
1832,“Alhambra”
1832,“LegendsoftheConquestofSpain”(inthe“CrayonMiscellany”)收录在
12)1835,“ATouronthePrairies”;“Astoria”and“TheAdventuresofCaptainBonneville”.
13)1840,“LifeofOliverGoldsmith”;1855-1859,“LifeofGeorgeWashington“.
14)教材作品,“TheAuthor’sAccountofHimself”;“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”.
JamesFenimoreCooper
1)The1stimpAmericannovelistbeganhisliterarycareeronadare.
2)1821,“TheSpy”(引人入胜的探险故事,事件发生在美国独立战争期间)
3)Cooperlaunchedtwokindsofimmenselypopularstories:
theseaadventuretale,andthefrontiersaga.(开创两种流传极广的小说题材,海上传奇&边疆传奇小说)
1824,“Thepilot”最为成功
1839,hewrotethe1stofficialhistoryoftheU.S.Navy
4)Cooper的Frontierstories“LeatherStockingTales”includingfivenovels:
“TheDeerslayer”;“TheLastoftheMohicans”;“Thepathfinder”;“ThePioneers”;“ThePrairie”.AllanNevinsallthesefivenovels“thenearestapproachyesttoanAmericanepic”.(美国迄今为止最接近史诗的一部大作)
5)教材作品“TheLastMohicans”
WilliamCullenBryant1794-1878
1)1817,thestatelypoemcalled“Thanatopsis”(Greek,meaning“viewofdeath”)introducedthebestpoettoappearinAmericanuptothattime.(人们一致认为这是当时美国最杰出的一篇诗作)
2)“ToaWaterfowl”isperhapsthepeakofhiswork,“Mostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage”(《致水鸟》是其巅峰之作,“用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗”)
3)他用无韵诗的形式翻译了“Iliad”and“Odyssey”.
4)He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet. 第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家
5)教材作品“Thanatopsis”死之思考,“ToaWaterfowl”
EdgarAllanPoe1809-1849
1)1833,在一次小说比赛中“Ms.FoundinaBottle”获奖,Thenhegotajobaseditorwiththe“SouthernLiteraryMessenger”南方文学信使
2)“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher
3)1840,his1stcollectionofshortstories“TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque”
4)1845,“TheRaven”
5)教材作品“ToHelen”,“TheRaven”,“AnnabelLee”,“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”
RalphWaldoEmerson1803-1882
1)HewasresponsibleforbringingTranscendentalismtoNewEnglandandwasrecognizedthroughouthislifeastheleaderofthemovement.(他是把超验主义思想引入England的先去,被看作是美国内战的领袖)
2)1836,“Nature”出版。
真正让他功成名就的还是两次演讲“TheAmericanScholar”and“TheDivinitySchoolAddress”.Manyofhislectureswerelaterdistilledintohisfamous“Essays”.Amonghismostimpworksare“RepresentativeMen”and“EnglishTraits”.
1847,“poems”appeared.
3)他的散文诗歌极富个性,但最后却受到了高度评价,适合现代读者的口味
4)“TheAmericanScholar”被称为“ourintellectualDeclarationofIndependence”
5)教材作品“Nature”,“Self-reliance”
HenryDavidThoreau1817-1862
1)HewasEmerson’struestdisciple,whoputintopracticemanyofEmerson’stheories.(他是Emerson最忠实的信徒,是他把Emerson许多理论付诸实践)
2)1854,“Walden”,thesperbbookcameoutofhistwoyear’sresidenceatWaldenPond.(根据他在Walden湖畔居住两年经历写出的名作)
3)1849,“CivilDisobedience”fromhisexperienceinjail.
4)教材“WaldenWhereILived,andWhatILivedFor”
NathanielHawthorne1804-1864
1.“TheHouseoftheSevenGables”讲述的是自己家族的一段历史
2.Hismaterialbyobservingandlisteningtoothers听人家将新格兰口头故事民间传说及各种鬼怪趣事。
3.“TheCustomHouse”
1852,“TheBlithedaleRomance”
1846,“MossesfromanOldManse”
1860,“TheMarbleFaun”
4.“TheScarletLetter”讲述关于罪的、罪对不同人的影响及有些人获得拯救的故事。
5.NathanielHawthorne&EdgarAllanPoe并称为“TheArtoftheshortstory”美国短篇小说现代艺术大师
6.Hawthorne和Melville一样,采用讲故事手法来探讨生活的意义
7.“EthanBrand”;
“YoungGoodmanBrown”;
“Dr.Heidegger’sExperiment”;
“TheAmbitiousGuest”;
“TheGreatStoneFace”;
8.教材“TheScarletLetter”
HermanMelville1819-1891
1.“MobyDick”;
1846,“Typee”出版后,他被称为“manwholivedamongcannibals”
1847续集,“Omoo”;
1849,“Bedburn”;
1850,“White-Jacket”;
1891,“BillyBudd”
2.Twootherphilosophical(哲学)novels:
“Mardi”,“Pierre”;
“BartlebytheScrivener”(有诗歌风味的短篇故事)
Twocelebratedshortnovels:
“BenitoCereno”,“BillyBudd”.(“BillyBudd“和“MobyDick”一样运用船来象征社会)
3.教材“MobyDick”
HenryWadsworthLongfellow
1.1833-1835,hisproseromance“Outre-Mer”(浪漫散文)
2.“Hiawatha”(采用芬兰民间故事写作手法追忆美洲印第安人的传说);Hisgreatestvirtueisthathemadepoetryseemworthreadingandworthwriting(使诗歌成为人人能看能写的)
3.1838,1stcollectionofpoemsentitled“Vo
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