科技文献中英文对照翻译.docx
- 文档编号:3735183
- 上传时间:2022-11-25
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:18
- 大小:318.62KB
科技文献中英文对照翻译.docx
《科技文献中英文对照翻译.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《科技文献中英文对照翻译.docx(18页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
科技文献中英文对照翻译
Human Geomatics in Urban Design—Two Case Studies
在城市设计中的人类地理信息学——两个案例研究
Małgorzata Hanzl 1,*, Karol Dzik 2, Paulina Kowalczyk 2, Krystian Kwieciński 2,
Ewa Stankiewicz 2 and Agata Ł. Wierzbicka 2
Abstract:
The mapping of different aspects of urban phenomena and their relation tothephysical cityscape has been greatly extended by the use of geomatics. The tradition to basereasoning on ‘understanding the world’ dates from the time of Aristotle. The extensionplan for Barcelona (Eixample), developed by Cerdà, which opened the era of modern urbanplanning, was preceded by analyses of rich data, describing both detailed demographicissues and physical structures. The contemporary, postmodernist city planning continuesthis tradition, although a shift towards analyses of more human-related issues can beobserved, covering, inter alia, citizens’ perception, cultural differences and patterns ofhuman activities with regard to distinct social groups. The change towards a morehuman-related perspective and the inclusion of urban morphology analyses are directconsequences of this trend. The required data may be gathered within a crowd-sourcingparticipation process. According to communicative planning theory, communication withthe wider public is indispensable in order to achieve the best results, and can be realizedwith the use of sophisticated IT tools. Evidence-based reasoning may be supported byimages of significant aesthetic values, which inspire immediate reactions.
Keywords:
GIS; crowd-sourcing; mash-up; education; urban planning; urban analyses
摘要:
不同方面的城市现象及其与物理城市景观的关系映射经由地理信息学的使用已经大大扩展了。
基于推理的“了解世界”的这一传统可以追溯到亚里士多德时期。
由Cerdà制订,开启了现代城市规划的时代的巴塞罗那(Eixample)扩展计划,因为丰富的数据分析及人口问题和物理结构的详细描述而提前。
在现代,后现代主义城市规划继续着这一传统,虽然发现分析转向更多与人权有关的问题,除此之外,还包括公民的悟性、文化差异和不同社会群体的人类活动模式。
朝着更人性化的相关观点以及纳入城市形态分析的变化是这一趋势的直接后果。
所需的数据可能会在采购人群的参与过程中收集。
根据交际规划理论,为达到最佳效果,与更广泛的公众沟通是必不可少的,也可以通过使用尖端的IT工具实现。
基于证据的推理可能由具有重大审美价值的图像支持,这激发立即反应。
关键字:
地理信息系统;人群采购;糅合;教育;城市规划;城市
1.Introduction
Human geomatics, analogous to humanistic geography—with origins relating to the works of Yi FuTuan [1]—introduces a qualitative description of human activities, including perception and emotions,into the general concept of geomatics, which developed as a qualitative method of describing thephenomena of the physical world. Urban design, from its perceptual, visual, social and functionalperspective [2], has a substantial interest in capturing human responses and activities. The tradition ofbasing decisions on reasoning dates back to the time of Aristotle [3,4]. Between 1847 and 1857, duringthe design process of Barcelona's Eixample, Ildefons Cerdà, considered to be the founder ofcontemporary urbanism, gathered a set of statistical data covering demography, education and lifestandards, but also such factors as carriage transport and parameters describing the physical structure,including:
construction intensity, impermeability and city facilities, such as infrastructure, lightingsystems and paving [5]. Considerable research, covering the use of geomatics in describing humanactivities and perception, has been conducted by a number of analysts and teams, with the mostimportant studies developed by:
(1) the Space Syntax group, e.g., the Cityware project UK [6] andseveral projects using methodology provided by Space Syntax [7,8] all over the world [9];
(2) MITSENSEable City Lab [10], among others the Real-time city data project [11–13]; (3) Urban InformaticsResearch Lab, QUT [14]; and (4) Architectural League of NY, i.e.,:
Sentient City [15]. These projectsconcentrate mostly on the modeling of human activities, although the issues of perception and humanreactions to the environment also constitute an attractive subject for studies, e.g. [16,17].
人类地理信息学,类似于人文地理学,与YiFuTuan的工作有最初关联的,介绍了一种关于人类活动的定性描述,包括测绘学的一般概念中的认知和情感,发展成一种定性描述物理世界现象的方法。
城市设计,从它的知觉、视觉、社会和功能视角,在捕捉人类的反应和活动中拥有重大权益。
传统的基于决策的推理可以追溯到亚里士多德时期。
在1847年至1857年之间,在巴塞罗那的Eixample计划设计过程中,被认为是现代都市生活的创始人的IldefonsCerda先生,,搜集了一组覆盖人口、教育和生活水平的统计数据,而且还包括交通运输和描述物理结构的参数等因素,例如:
施工强度、密封性和城市设施,如基础设施、照明系统和铺助设施。
相当多的研究,涵盖了地理信息学在人类活动和和感知中的运用,已经被许多分析人士和团队开发,最重要的研究通过以下方法开发:
(1)空间句法组,例如英国的Cityware项目和世界各地的一些使用了空间句法组原理的项目;
(2)麻省理工学院的可感城市实验室,在其他实时城市数据项目中;(3)城市信息学实验研究室,QUT(4)纽约的建筑联盟,例如:
感情城市。
这些项目大多集中在人类活动的建模上,尽管感知问题和人类对环境的反应问题同样构成了有吸引力的课题研究。
In this context, the mapping of non-material phenomena is nothing new. Maps of social groupdistribution, such as the location of poverty or ethnic groups in the city, are a common tool for urbananalyses, introduced by the Chicago sociological school [18]. However, the possibility of overlayingthem with other data, describing different phenomena, as well as the ease with which suchjuxtapositions may be converted into manageable information, provide a useful tool for contemporaryurban planners in influencing a powerful discourse, focusing on a successful and legitimate visionof the future in diverse social environments. The recent IT potential, enabling mapping of numericdata, including tweeting or SMS intensity, provides additional opportunities for visualizing humanactivities [10–13], formerly restricted to traffic simulation and statistics. As the contemporary city ispartly extended into virtuality [19–21], research should also include this perspective, and perceive thecity, both as a platform of mutual communication and a set of phenomena, which require description.
在这种背景下,映射的非物质现象并不新鲜。
社会群体的地图分布,如贫困的位置或少数民族的城市,是一个常见的工具分析、介绍了城市由芝加哥社会学的学校。
然而,他们的可能性与其他数据,覆盖描述不同的现象,以及缓解与这样一种错位可能转化为可控的信息,提供一个有用的工具为当代城市规划者在影响一个强大的话语,专注于一个成功的和合法的未来的憧憬在不同的社会环境。
最近它的潜力,使映射的数字数据,包括微博或短信强度,提供额外机会想象人类活动,以前限于交通仿真和统计。
作为当代城市部分延伸到虚拟世界,研究还应该包括这个角度来看,感知城市,无论是作为一个平台的相互通信和一组现象,这需要描述。
Contemporary urban planning makes extensive use of evidence-based methodology [22]. Thephilosophical basis for communicative planning theory derives from the concept of communicativeaction by Jürgen Habermas [23]. According to this theory, the validity of a norm may be justified in adialectic process between proponents of different approaches. ‘Normative rightness’ resulted frommutual understanding achieved in the argument process [24]. “The power of dominant discourses,” asHealey [23], argues that presenting the assumptions of the institutionalist theory of spatial planningmay be challenged in dialogue, “through the power of knowledgeable, reflective discourse, throughgood arguments (...)”, in order to achieve consensus by taking into account the arguments and at thesame time respecting differences. Human geomatics—the mapping of the invisible aspects of thecity—adds an important perspective to the debate on the form and functioning of the urban settings.
当代城市规划大量使用循证方法。
交际规划理论的哲学基础来源于由尤尔根·哈贝马斯提出的交往行为的概念。
根据这一理论,一个规范的有效性可能在不同方法辩证过程中支持者所证实。
“规范源于讨论过程中的相互理解。
“主导话语的力量”,正如希利,认为提出的社会学家的空间规划理论的假设可能在对话中被挑战,“通过知识的力量,反思性话语,好论点(…)”,考虑到争论及尊重差异以达到共识。
人类测绘学-城市看不见的的方面-增加了重要观点以反驳城市设置形式和功能。
2. Methodology
As Lynch [25] admits:
“In the development of an image, education will be quiteas important as thereshaping of whatit is seen. Indeed, they together form a circular, or hopefully a spiral, process:
visualeducation impelling the citizen to act upon his visual world, and this action causing him to see evenmore accurately. A highly-developed art of urban design is linked to the creation of a critical andattentive audience. If art and audience grow together, then our cities will be a source of dailyenjoyment to millions of their inhabitants”. “Words, words, words, I’m sick of words!
” states LisaDoolittle in My Fair Lady, after Tollitt P. [26]. “A picture is worth a thousand words,” says an ancientChinese proverb. We may find similar conclusions in the work of Mintzberg, Westley [27] regardingthe decision-making process. Thus, the ability to successfully observe, analyze and then convertgathered data into a comprehensible presentation is one of key skills to be gained by architecture andurbanism students.
2.方法论
就像林奇所承认的:
“在一个影象的发展过程中,教育将会和重塑所见到的一样重要。
事实上,他们均来自一个圆形,或希望一个螺旋,过程:
视觉教育推动公民在他的视觉世界行动,这一行动使他看到更准确。
一个高度发达的城市设计的艺术与建立一个关键的和细心的观众。
如果艺术和观众一起成长,那么我们的城市将会是一个源的每日享受到数百万的居民”。
“话说,话说,话说,我生病了的话!
“国家在窈窕淑女丽莎·杜利特尔,在Tollittp。
“一图胜千言”,说一个古老的中国谚语。
我们可以找到类似的结论在工作的明茨伯格,Westley关于决策过程。
因此,能够成功地观察、分析,然后转换成一个可理解的聚集数据表示是一个关键的技能是获得建筑和都市生活的学生。
The paper includes two case studies developed by students of Architecture for the Society ofKnowledge, a Master of Sciences degree program in Architecture and Urban Planning at the Faculty ofArchitecture, Warsaw University of Technology, and realized as a research work within the courseentitled:
‘GIS basics-parametric description of urban space’. Each study describes different immaterialphenomena, which occur in the city, and looks for their relation with the physical city structure. Themethodology for each study was different. One of them—the City Tagging project—adoptedcrowd-sourcing as a data gathering tool. The study describing the ethnic structure of central Brusselsprovides analyses based on the GIS municipal data. Also, the detailed methodology adopted both forthe research and for the presentation was different in each case.
本文包括两个案例研究开发的学生为社会的架构知识,科学硕士学位课程在建筑与城市规划学院的建筑,华沙理工大学,并意识到作为一个研究工作在课程标题为:
“GIS基本参数描述城市空间”。
每个研究描述了不同的非物质的现象,发生在城市,寻找他们的关系与物理城市结构。
每个研究的方法不同。
其中的一个分支——城市标签项目采用众包作为一个数据采集工具。
这项研究描述了种族结构提供了分析依据中央布鲁塞尔GIS市政数据。
同时,详细方法采用对研究和演讲也不同在每种情况下。
The “abstract forces (urban phenomena) shaping urban life” may be rendered “artistically, spatiallyand informatively in the form of alternative ‘maps’ which represent urban dynamics (...)” [28]. Theresearch for inspiration included both current mash-ups web-sites [29–32], as well as theoreticalbackground:
the work of Batty et al. [33,34], and other papers from CASA, papers by eCAADe, andmany others, e.g.,:
[35–37]. The course concentrated on the mapping of phenomena other than thephysical structure, although the structure as such served as a frame of reference and the relationsbetween the invisible and the physical remained the objecti
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 科技 文献 中英文 对照 翻译
![提示](https://static.bdocx.com/images/bang_tan.gif)