最新大学英语写作辅导资料doc.docx

最新大学英语写作辅导资料doc.docx

《最新大学英语写作辅导资料doc.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《最新大学英语写作辅导资料doc.docx（28页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

最新大学英语写作辅导资料doc

大学英语写作资料

第一讲扩充段落的手段

TheStructureofaParagraph

1topicsentence+2-4developmentsentences=aparagraph

ThomasJeffersonwasamanofmanytalents.1First,hepracticedcroprotationandsoilconservationacenturybeforethesebecamestandardpractice,andheinventedaplowsuperiortoanyotherinexistence.2Second,heinfluencedarchitecturethroughAmericawithhisself-designedhouse.3Third,hewastheauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependence.Inshort,fromtheaboveanalysiswecansafelydrawtheconclusionthatThomasJeffersonhadalotoftalents.

ThomasJeffersonwasamanofmanytalents.1Tobeginwith,hepracticedcroprotationandsoilconservationacenturybeforethesebecamestandardpractice,andheinventedaplowsuperiortoanyotherinexistence.2Inaddition,heinfluencedarchitecturethroughAmericawithhisself-designedhouse.3Besides,hewastheauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependence.Inaword,fromtheaboveanalysiswecancometoasafeconclusionthatThomasJeffersonhadalotoftalents.

Keyword（s）:

Sent1:

Sent2:

Sent3:

为了便于掌握和应用，本章作者重点介绍一种叫做“两主一插”的扩展段落的方法,“两主”即列举和递进，“一插”即举例。

请看下面的基本模块：

（1）列举法模块：

主题句.

First,扩展句1.

Second,扩展句2.

Third,扩展句3.

Finally,扩展句4.

Inshort,/Inaword,/Therefore,结论句.

Computerscanhelpdifferentpeopleindifferentways.First,theycanhelpchildrenwiththeirlessonsandhomework.Second,theycanhelpcollegestudentsandscholarsdoallsortsofcomplicatedcalculations,analyzedata,processwordandpresentthelatestachievementsaswellasthedesiredinformation.Third,computerscanassistengineersandexpertsinthedesignofmachines,ofbridgesorofspaceships.Finally,computerscanalsoofferfunandentertainmentforchildrenandadultsalike.Inaword,fromtheaboveanalysiswecansafelydrawtheconclusionthatcomputersreallyhavemanyfunctions.

（2）递进法模块：

主题句.

Tobeginwith,扩展句1.

Inaddition,扩展句2.

Besides,扩展句3.

What’smore,扩展句4.

Inshort,/Inaword,/Therefore,结论句.

Computerscanhelpdifferentpeopleindifferentways.Tobeginwith,theycanhelpchildrenwiththeirlessonsandhomework.Inaddition,theycanhelpcollegestudentsandscholarsdoallsortsofcomplicatedcalculations,analyzedata,processwordsandpresentthelatestachievementsaswellasthedesiredinformation.Besides,theycanassistengineersandexpertsinthedesignofmachines,ofbridgesorofspaceships.Whatismore（better）,computerscanalsoofferfunandentertainmentforchildrenandadultsalike.Inshort,fromtheaboveanalysis,wecaneasilyseecomputersreallyhavemanyfunctions.

（3）举例法模块：

主题句.

Forexample,扩展句1.

Foranotherexample,扩展句2.

Acaseinpoint，扩展句3.

Inshort,/Inaword,/Therefore,结论句.

Computerscanhelpdifferentpeopleindifferentways.Forexample,theycanhelpchildrenwiththeirlessonsandhomework.Foranotherexample,theycanhelpcollegestudentsandscholarsdoallsortsofcomplicatedcalculations,analyzedata,processwordsandpresentthelatestachievementsaswellasthedesiredinformation.Acaseinpoint,computerscanalsoofferfunandentertainmentforchildrenandadultsalike.Inshort,fromtheaboveanalysis,wecaneasilyseecomputersreallyhavemanyfunctions.

通过以上三个模块的例子，可以看出第三个模块最好是用于进一步扩展段落，即穿插使用。

请看例：

Sometimeswatercanbeharmfulorevendestructive.Forexample,youwillhavetroubledoingoutdoorjobsifitrainsfordays.Plantssuchaswheatandcottonwillsufferalotifitrainstoomuch.Aflooddoesmuchharmtoallformsoflife.

Let’stakeEnglishlearningforexampletoshowtheprincipleof“Practicemakesperfect”.Youcanlearnsomewordsandgrammarfrombooksandteachers,butwithoutpractice,youcanneverusethemfreely.Besides,youwillevenfindittoodifficulttorememberthem.Theonlywaytosolvethisproblemistokeeppractising.

Anotherexampletoshowthesameprincipleislearningtoswim.Itisobviousthatyoucanneverswimifyoudarenotdropyourselfintowater.Swimmingcanonlybelearnedthroughpracticeinwater,whichcanmakeyougetthefeelingofwaterandmakeyourmotioncorrectandeffective.

利用举例模块穿插，可以把抽象的观点具体化，把难于表述的观点用具体的事例间接地表述出来。

总之，用什么样的过渡词展开主题句，完全取决于内容的需要。

其他常见的扩展模块有：

[注：

（…代表一个句子）（N代表一个名词）（NN代表多个名词）]

（1）两点法模块：

用于较短的段落，只陈述两个观点。

常用的关联词语有1）Foronething,…Foranother（thing）,…2）Ononehand,…Ontheotherhand,…

（2）正反法模块：

用于陈述事物的两个方面，常用的关联词语有:

1）Eachcoinhastwosides.Nisnoexceptiontotherule.2）…However,…

（3）举例法模块：

1）Forexample,…2）TakeNforexampletoshow….3）Nisjustacaseinpoint.

（4）时间顺序排列模块：

1）Inthepast,…Atpresent,…Inthefuture,…2）Intheshortrun,…Inthelongrun,…

（5）空间顺序排列模块：

InChina,…IntheWest,…先谈一个地方的情况，再谈其他一些地方的情况，以进行比较。

（6）数字法模块：

数字往往是枯燥无味的，但却具有很强的说服力。

1）ArecentpollintheUSshowsthat…2）Accordingtothestatisticsavailable,…

（7）推理法模块：

1）If…,（then）…2）Suppose…,（then）…

（8）比较法模块：

1）ComparedwithN,…2）Incomparison,…3）Comparativelyspeaking,…4）…while（whereas）…

（9）对照法模块：

1）In（By）contrast,…2）Contraryto…,…3）Inopposition,…4）Onthecontrary,…

（10）下结论模块：

1）Inshort（Inaword）,…2）Fromtheaboveanalysiswecansafelyconcludethat…3）Alltheevidencejustifiesanunshakableconclusionthat…

第二讲如何开头

常言道：

好的开端等于成功了一半。

开头也就是写作中的引言（Introduction）部分，其作用是引出主题、确立论点。

常见的开端有以下五种：

（1）主题句法：

提出一个观点/论据作为文章要阐明和论述的主题。

例如：

Thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyhasbroughtaboutmanychanges.Forexample,modernmedicalsciencemakespeoplelivealongerandhealthierlife.TVkeepsuswellinformedandbringsavividworldintoordinaryfamilies.Owingtotheinventionofspaceshipsandrockets,man’sdreamoflandingonthemoon,whichwasimpossibleseveraldecadesago,hasnowcometrue.Inshort,allthescientificproductsarechangingthewayweliveandwork.

However,therearesomeproblemswiththeThreeGorgesProjectthatneedcarefulhandling.Firstofall,thedepositsofsandandmudaretwooftheheadacheswiththeproject.Second,theproblemsofemigration,economicdevelopmentandenvironmentprotectionneedcarefulstudy.Third,howtoprotectsomepreciousspeciesofseaanimalssoastokeepthebalanceofnatureisanotherproblemtheprojectisfacedupwith.Inshort,weshouldtakealltheproblemsintoseriousconsideration.

Someclaimthattherearealotofadvantagesofpossessingacar.Tobeginwith,itgivesamuchgreaterdegreeofcomfortandmobility.Theownerofacarisnolongerforcedtorelyonpublictransport,andhencenoirritationcausedbythewaitingforbusesandtaxies.Inaddition,withacarhecangowhereverhelikesandwheneverhewantstosothathecanenjoyhisleisuretothefullbymakingtripstothecountryorseasideontheweekends.Inaword,carsbringaboutlotsofconveniences.

（2）数据法：

引用已证实的某些统计数据引出话题。

例如：

Accordingtoarecentsurvey,about25percentofChinesecollegestudentsnowholdapart-timejob.Inthepast,therewasnearlynone10yearsago.Thisfigureincreasesto72percentduringsummervacation.Collegestudentsareseenwaitingontables,clerkinginstores,advertisinginstreets,teachinginfamiliesanddoingwhateverworktheycanfind.

（3）问题法：

用提出问题，即：

设问的方法来引出文章的主题。

例如：

Whatissuccess?

Differentpeoplehavedifferentanswerstothisquestion.Somepeoplethinkthatoneissuccessfulifhecanmakeagreatdealmoney.Otherpeoplebelievethatsuccessmeansholdinganimportantgovernmentpost.

WhyhaveIchosentoattendcolleges?

ThisisthequestionIhavekeptaskingmyselfmanytimesinthepasttwoacademicyears.Buttheanswerisalwaysthesame:

collegeeducationissomethingItrulywanttodoinmylifeanditisworthwhile.

Whycan’ttheburdenoftheChinesepupilsberelievedinspiteofsocialprotest?

Foronething,parentshaveastrongdesirefortheearlyintelligentachievementoftheirchildren.Theybelievethatifyoudonotforcethemtoreadmore,agoldenopportunityforthesuccesswillbelostandthechancesoftheirbeingadmittedtokeyschools,andthentocollegeswillbeslim.Foranother,ourteachersworkwithparentstoapplypressure.Sincescoresarenotonlythemarkofsuccessorfailureforaparticularstudent,butalsoameasurementofateacher’sperformance,itisnaturalforateachertoassignmorehomeworkforhisownsakeaswellasforhisstudents’.

（4）引用法：

引用名言、谚语等引出文章的主题。

如：

Astheproverbsays,“Nooneknowsthevalueofhealthuntilhelosesit.”Inotherwords,nothingismorevaluablethanhealth.Itisclearthathealthistheveryfoundationofone’sfuturesuccess.Ifyoufallill,itisnearlyimpossibletopursueyourcareereffectively,muchlessmakeyourdreamscometrue.Ontheotherhand,ifyouarehealthyandstrong,youcangoallouttoovercometheobstaclesthatlieaheadofyou.

Aproverbsays,“Timeismoney.”Butinmyopinion,timeisevenmorepreciousthanmoney.Becausewhenmoneyisspent,wecanearnitback;butwhentimeisgone,itwillneverreturn.Thuswemustvaluetimeandlearntomakethebestuseofitinordertorealizeourdreams.

Asthesayinggoes,“Nevertoooldtolearn.”Asforgrown-ups,eventheaged,learningisimportantaswell.Althoughtheyhavestudiedsomethingformanyyears,andhavelearnedalotalready,therearestillsomeexperiencesandlawsforthemtolearn.Lifeislimitedwhileknowledgeisboundless.Moreover,theworldkeepschangingconstantlywiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Thereisalwayssomethingnewforthemtolearn.Onlyconstantlearningcanmakepeoplebecomemorelearnedandexperiencedsothattheycansuitthechangingworldbetter.

（5）定义法：

对标题下定义，然后通过举例、逻辑推理等方法加以详细说明。

如：

Whatisself-confidence?

Itisgenerallyacceptedthatself-c