自考现代英语语法学习笔记第四章名词和名词短语.docx
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自考现代英语语法学习笔记第四章名词和名词短语.docx
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自考现代英语语法学习笔记第四章名词和名词短语
名词和名词短语
(2)限定词和属格
4.1限定词Determiner
在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指,类指以及表示数量等限定的词。
Determinersrefertothewordswhichareusedinthepre-modificationofanounphrasewhichtypicallyprecedeanyadj.thatpre-modifytheheadword.
限定词和形容词区别DifferencebetweenDeterminerandAdjective
1.前置限定,限定词在形容词前面.Determinerusuallyprecedeadj.inpre-modification.
2.限定词的选择受中心词影响而形容词不受。
ThechoiceofDeterminerisdeterminedbytheheadwordbutnotthatofadj.
3.形容词表明中心词的特征,而限定词限定中心词的意义数量。
Adj.describetheheadwordbyshowingitscharacteristicwhiledeterminerdeterminetheheadwordbyidentifyingorquantifying.
4.形容词可位于中心词后,而限定词不可。
Adj.canpost-modifytheheadwordbutnotDeterminer.
5.形容词有比较级而限定词没有(除few,little,manymuch外)。
Adj.hascomparativeformbutnotDeterminer(exceptfew,little,manymuch).
4.1.2Co-occurrenceofDeterminers
Determinermayco-occurrenceinthepre-modificationofanounphrase:
twoormoredeterminermaymodifyoneandthesameheadword.Eachdeterminertakesafixedposition,weidentifytheirrelativepositionsinthecaseofco-occurrence.
前位限定Pre-Determiner
中位限定CentralDeterminer
后位限定PostDeterminer
All,Both
Half,Double
Twice,Threetimes…
One-third,Two-thirds…
What
Such
many
A,The
This,That,These,Those
My,your,his…
John’s…(Genitive)
Any,Some,No
Each,Every,Either,Neither,
What
Which(ever),Whose(ever)
One,Two,Three…
First,Second,Third….
Next,Last,
Few,Many,Much
Another,Other,
Several
Such
Pre-determinersandCentralDeterminersaremutuallyexclusive,thatisinoneandthesameNounPhrase,therecouldbeonlyonePre-determinerandCentralDeterminer,however,Post-Determinersarenotmutuallyexclusive.
4.1.3UsageofsomeDeterminers
AllandWhole(difference)
1.All强调个体中的每一个,某种程度上及every相似。
Shewouldwork12hoursadayalltheyearlong.
1.Whole更注重于整体。
Wholeregimentssurrenderedtotheenemy.
2.All修饰一个表示地方的短语时,一般指“所有住在那的人”,
Allthevillagewasexcitedatthenews.(=thewholevillage
2.Whole根据原文一般指指居民或者地方本身
Thewholevillagewasflooded,
3.修饰专有名词时语法的区别。
AllNewcastlewasexcitedatthenews.
3.修饰专有名词时语法的区别。
ThewholeofNewcastlewasexcitedatthenews.
AllandBoth
All修饰2部分以上组成的个体。
Both修饰的个体由2部分组成
All,Every,Each
All侧重于整个group
Alltheboysenjoyedthemselvesattheparty.
Every指Group中的个体
Everyboyenjoyedhimselfattheparty.
Each则侧重于单独的个体。
Eachboygotonepresentattheparty.
Both,Each,Either
Both强调2个一起
Each,Either当表明2个中的每一个的时候
Any,Either,No(None),Neither
Any,No(None)refertoagroupofmorethan2.
EitherandNeitherrefertoagroupof2.
4.1.4Article冠词
Asadeterminer,itpre-modifiesaheadnoun,intheEnglishLanguage,therearetwoarticles:
Definitearticle定冠词“the”andindefinitearticle不定冠词“An”.TheTwotermsindicatesomeofthesemanticimplicationofthearticleusage.
泛指和特指Genericreferencevs.Specificreference:
Genericreferencedenotesclassmembershipanditcanalsorefertoaclassasawhole,it’srealizedbyasingularcountablenounthatgoeswithanindefinitearticlea(n),orwithdefinitearticle“the”orapluralcountablenoungoeswithoutanarticle.
e.g.Thepandaisarareanimal.
Specificreferencecanbemadeeitherinadefinitewayorinanindefiniteway,definitespecificreferenceidentifiesthereferentinquestionandisrealizedbyanounwithadefinitearticle“the”.Indefinitespecificreferencepointstoaparticular,actualexampleoftheclass,realizedbyasingularcountablenounwith“a”.
e.g.AdogchargedmeyesterdaywhenIwasonmywayhome.
*不定冠词A(n)IndefiniteArticle“A(n)”
1.
当专有名词或者不可数作为一种可数名词的分来来讲的话,前面可加A
HelooksforwardtoowningaBenz.
2.职业,工作为补语的名词需要不定冠词修饰。
Johnisawriter.
3.仅可一个人担任的职业名词不需要不定冠词的修饰。
Hewasselectedchairmanofthecommittee.
*定冠词TheDefiniteArticle“The”
TheDefiniteArticle“The”
不需要加定冠词“The”的情况
需要加定冠词“The”的情况
1.公共机构在习惯性表达里不需要冠词。
TheygotochurcheverySunday.
1.指公共机构本身的建筑时,用The(bed,class,table,townetc.用法相同)
Thechurchwaspulleddownforanewandbiggerone.
2.但是体育运动不需要加定冠词
Playbasketball/football/tennis…
2.指某人有能力弹奏某乐器时用“THE”
PlaythePiano/Guitar/Cello/Violin
3.by后面接交通工具名词时不加“the”
Bytaxi/bybus
3.当一些指独立事物或者人物的名词表示某些“特定的系统或服务“的时候,要加”the”
Ringforthetaxiifit’sraining.
4.季节名词前一般不加“the”
Whydon’tyougoinsummer?
4.除了特指的某一时间的某一季节,
Thesummerof1995…
5.指“某一时间点”的时候不加
Atdawn/Atsunrise/Atnight
5.指“某一时间段”的时候可用定冠词
Inthemorning/Duringtheafternoon(for..)
6.复数可数名词泛指时,不加定冠词。
不可数名词用法相同。
Pandasarerareanimal.(泛指)WiththePandas(特指)
Thedeskismadeofmahogany.(泛指)
ThedeskismadeofthemahoganyfromThailand.(特指)
*Propernoun专有名词除了一下几种情况,一般不加定冠词
1.复数名字前加“the”指“…一家人”
TheGreens/TheJohns..
2.海洋,河流,海峡,山脉等地理专有名词前要加“the”
TheMediterranean/TheAlps…
3.普通名词组成的组织名词
TheUnitedKingdom/TheStateDepartment…
4.某些特定的酒店,餐厅,剧院,电影院,博物馆,画廊要加“the”
TheGrandStation..
5.名牌,作品要加“the”
*SpecialUsageof“the”
The+Adj.表示一类人ThePool穷人Theold老人Theugly丑陋的人
4.2Genitives属格/所有格
4.2.2Genitivesvs.of–phrase
ComparisonbetweenGenitivesandOf-phrase
Genitives
Ofphrase
Interchangeablewhen:
1.GeographicalPropernoun,nounsreferringtoPlace,Institutions.
2.Collectivenouns.
1.Animatenoun,especiallyPeople
2.Canbeusedwithfirstname.
3.Therelationshipofthe2nounsareDefinition,classification.(Men’sclothes)
4.NounsdenotingTime:
(threeyears’time)
5.Idiomaticcombinations.
1.Inanimatenoun,lifelessobject.
2.Notusewithfirstnamebutfullnames.
3.Possession.(Clothesofmine)
4.Usedwithclassifyingadj.
e.g.(Thewelfareofthepoor)
4.2.5GroupGenitive集体属格
TheGroupgenitiveisatermthatreferstothegenitiveformedbyadding“‘s”tothelastelementofapost-modifiedorcoordinatednounphrase.
e.g.:
Someoneelse’scarAnhourandahalf’stest
***但是当名词短语包含1.“无论是限定或者非限定的后置修饰定语”时,2.名词前置修饰过长3.前置修饰会引起歧义时不可以用集体属格。
(这时可以用of–Phrase)
e.g.:
ThemanIknow’scar(Wrong!
!
!
)
Themanwiththedog’sfood(Wrong!
!
!
)
LocalGenitive地点属格
Thegenitiveissometimesusedalonewithoutafollowingnoun,Nounsusedinlocalgenitiveareinvariablenounsreferringtopersonsanddenotingresidence,publicbuildings,placewherebusinessisconducted.
1.Wellknownbuildings.
St,Paul’s(Cathedral)
2.店名.
Thebacker’s/thegrocer’s…
3.名词或者名词表示“某人家”
Wearehavingdinneratmyaunt’stonight.
4.2.5DoubleGenitive双重属格
Alsoreferredtoas“postgenitive”,it’sacombinationofthegenitiveand
of–phrase.
Note:
1.双重属格结构中的第二个名词一定是指人,不可指物。
Afriendofmyfather’s.Awindowofthehouse’s(WRONG!
!
!
)
2.第一个名词前一般是不定冠词,而第二个名词前一般是定冠词。
(Haveexceptions)
Thatfriendofmybrother’s.
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