胡壮麟语言学名词解释.docx
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胡壮麟语言学名词解释.docx
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胡壮麟语言学名词解释
胡壮麟语言学名词解释
isahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.e.g.astudyofthechangesEnglishhasundergonesinceShakespeare’stimeisadiachronicstudy.
Langue语言:
referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Langueisabstract.
Parole言语:
referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Paroleisconcrete.
Competence:
(N.Chomsky)definesastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.
Performance:
definesastheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
Designfeatures?
Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.设计特点是指界定性质的人类区别于其他动物的交际系统。
特点:
(1)arbitrariness.Thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forexample:
thefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.
(2)productivity生成性:
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.
(3)duality双重性:
languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructuresortwolevels.
(4)displacement移位性:
languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.
(5)culturaltransmission文化的传播:
Whilewearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.
第二章phonology音系学
phonology:
Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
Phonetics语音学:
isdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage语言的声音媒介.
Thesethreebranchesofphoneticsarelabeledarticulatoryphonetics发声语音学,auditoryphonetics听觉语音学,andacousticphonetics声响语音学respectively.
辅音分类见本子
Phone音素:
isaphonetic语音的unitorsegment.
Phoneme音位:
isaphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.
Allophones音位变体:
referstothedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.Forexample[l]and[l]
Phonemiccontrast音位对立:
phoneticallysimilarsoundsaretwodistinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.
Complementarydistribution互补分布:
iftheyareallophonesofthesamephoneme,thentheydonotdistinguishmeaning,butcomplementeachotherindistribution,i.e.theyoccurindifferentphoneticenvironments.
Minimalpair最小对:
whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Forexamples,pillandbillareaminimalpair.
第三章morphology形态学
Morphology:
referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.
Morphemes词素—theminimalunitsofmeaning.Themostbasicelementofmeaningistraditionallycalledmorpheme.
Derivationalmorphemes派生词素(donotchangegrammaticalclass):
averb,forexampleisformedbyadding–entotheadjectiveblack,--blacken.–en,-ate,-icarethuscalledderivationalmorphemes,becausewhentheyareconjoinedtoothermorphemes(orwords)anewwordisderived,orformed.
Inflectionalmorphemes屈折词素:
theyareattachedtowordsormorphemes,buttheyneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory.
第四章syntax句法学
Syntacticcategories句法范畴:
afundamentalfactaboutwordsinallhumanlanguagesisthattheycanbegroupedtogetherintoarelativelysmallnumberofclasses,calledsyntacticcategories.
Modifiers修饰语:
stillanotherkindofelementwehavenottoucheduponsofarismodifiers,whichspecifyoptionally选择expressiblepropertiesofheads.
第五章semantics语义学
Contextualism语境论:
theyholdthatmeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehaviour.Twokindsofcontextarerecognized:
thesituationalcontextandthelinguisticcontext.
Behaviorism行为主义:
definesasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.
Sense意义:
isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.
Reference所指:
meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.
Predication述谓结构:
inG.Leech’sframeworkofanalysis,thebasicunitiscalledpredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.Apredicationconsistsofargument变元andpredicate谓语.
第六章pragmatics语用学
Pragmatics:
canbedefinedthatitisthestudyofhowspeakerofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.
Context语境:
isgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.(variouscomponentsofsharedknowledgehavebeenidentified,e.g.knowledgeofthelanguagetheyuse,knowledgeofwhathasbeensaidbefore,knowledgeabouttheworldingeneral,knowledgeaboutthespecificsituationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationistakingplace,andknowledgeabouteachother.)
Constatives叙事话语:
werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable;
Performatives行事话语:
theideaofdoingsomethingwhilespeakingcancertainlybebroadenedtoincludenon-conventionalactssuchasstating,promising,requesting,andsuggesting.
locutionaryact言内行为:
istheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexicon,andphonology.(theactbythespeakerishisutteranceofallthewords“you”,“have”,“door”,“open”,etc.thusexpressingwhatthewordsliterallymean.)
illocutionaryact言外行为:
istheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.(theactperformedbythespeakeristhatbymakingsuchanutterancehehasexpressedhisintentionofspeaking,i.e.askingsomeonetoclosethedoor,orclosethedoor,ormakingacomplaint,dependingonthecontext.)
Perlocutionaryact言后行为:
istheactofperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.
Searle’sclassificationofspeechacts:
1.representatives阐述类:
satingordescribing,sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue.
2.directives指令类:
tryingtogetthehearertodosomething.
3.commissives承诺类:
committingthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.
4.expressives表达类:
expressingfeelingorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.
5.declarations宣告类:
bringingaboutimmediatechangesbysayingsomething.
CooperativePrinciple(CP)合作原则:
Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.
1.themaximofquantity数量准则。
2.themaximofquality质量准则。
3.themaximofrelation相关准则。
4.themaximofmanner方式准则。
第八章languageandsociety语言和社会
Speechcommunity语言社区:
thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialstudyiscalledspeechcommunity.
Speechvariety言词变化:
(orlanguagevariety),referstoanydistinguishable可区分的formofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.
Varietiesoflanguage语言变体:
thevarietiesofalanguagearetheactualmanifestationsofthegeneralnotionofalanguagearetheactualmanifestationsofthegeneralnotionofthelanguageandtheyareassumedtoberelatedbothtothelanguageuserandusetowhichthelanguageisput.
第九章languageandculture语言和文化
SWH(Sapir-WhorfHypothesis)萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说:
Hebelievethatlanguagefilterspeople’sperception观念andthewaytheycategorize分类experiences.
Acculturation文化互渗:
weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsothepragmaticorcommunicativecompetenceaswell.
第十章languageacquisition语言习得
Languageacquisition:
referstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.
LAD(LanguageAcquisitionDevice)语言习得装置:
ChildrenneedaccesstothesamplesofanaturallanguagetoactivatetheLAD,whichenablesthemtodiscoverhislanguage’sstructurebymatchingtheinnateknowledgeofbasicgrammaticalsystemtothatparticularlanguage.
UG(UniversalGrammar)普遍语法isasetofprinciplesthatprovideparameters参数whicharegivenparticularsettingsindifferentlanguages.
CriticalPeriodHypotheses(CPH)关键时期假设:
referstoaspecificandlimitedtimeperiodforlanguageacquisition.
第十一章secondlanguageacquisition第二语言习得
Secondlanguageacquisition(SLA):
referstothesystematicstudyofhowonepersonacquiresasecondlanguagesubsequenttohisnativelanguage.
Positivetransfer正迁移:
wouldfacilitate使容易targetlanguagelearning,andresultsincorrectperformance.
Negativetransfer负迁移:
wouldinterfere干扰targetlanguagelearning,andresultsinerrors.
补充
predicate谓语:
Apredicateissomethingsaidaboutanargumentoritstatesthelogicalrelationlinkingtheargumentsinasentence
cognates同源词:
awordinonelanguagewhichissimilarinformandmeaningtoawordinanotherlanguagebecausebothlanguageshavedescendedfromacommonsource
creole克里奥尔语:
Acreolelanguageisoriginallyapidginthathasbecomeestablishedasanativelanguageinsomespeechcommunity.Whenapidgincomestobeadoptedbyapopulationasitsprimarylanguage,andchildrenlearnitastheirfirstlanguage,thenthepidginlanguageiscalledacreole.
overtthought线性思想:
Atermusedtorefertospeechwhenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregardspeechas“overtthought.”
instrumentalmotivation
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