Das Unheimliche 暗恐 弗洛伊德.docx
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Das Unheimliche 暗恐 弗洛伊德.docx
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DasUnheimliche暗恐弗洛伊德
THEUNCANNY
SigmundFreud
I
Itisonlyrarelythatapsycho-analystfeelsimpelledtoinvestigatethesubjectofaesthetics,evenwhenaestheticsisunderstoodtomeannotmerelythetheoryofbeautybutthetheoryofthequalitiesoffeeling.Heworksinotherstrataofmentallifeandhaslittletodowiththesubduedemotionalimpulseswhich,inhibitedintheiraimsanddependentonahostofconcurrentfactors,usuallyfurnishthematerialforthestudyofaesthetics.Butitdoesoccasionallyhappenthathehastointeresthimselfinsomeparticularprovinceofthatsubject;andthisprovinceusuallyprovestobearatherremoteone,andonewhichhasbeenneglectedinthespecialistliteratureofaesthetics.
Thesubjectofthe'uncanny'isaprovinceofthiskind.Itisundoubtedlyrelatedtowhatisfrightening—towhatarousesdreadandhorror;equallycertainly,too,thewordisnotalwaysusedinaclearlydefinablesense,sothatittendstocoincidewithwhatexcitesfearingeneral.Yetwemayexpectthataspecialcoreoffeelingispresentwhichjustifiestheuseofaspecialconceptualterm.Oneiscurioustoknowwhatthiscommoncoreiswhichallowsustodistinguishas'uncanny';certainthingswhichliewithinthefieldofwhatisfrightening.
Asgoodasnothingistobefounduponthissubjectincomprehensivetreatisesonaesthetics,whichingeneralprefertoconcernthemselveswithwhatisbeautiful,attractiveandsublime;thatis,withfeelingsofapositivenature;andwiththecircumstancesandtheobjectsthatcallthemforth,ratherthanwiththeoppositefeelingsofrepulsionanddistress.Iknowofonlyoneattemptinmedico-psychologicalliterature,afertilebutnotexhaustivepaperbyJentsch(1906).ButImustconfessthatIhavenotmadeaverythoroughexaminationoftheliterature,especiallytheforeignliterature,relatingtothispresentmodestcontributionofmine,forreasonswhich,asmayeasilybeguessed,lieinthetimesinwhichwelive;sothatmypaperispresentedtothereaderwithoutanyclaimtopriority.
Inhisstudyofthe'uncanny';Jentschquiterightlylaysstressontheobstaclepresentedbythefactthatpeoplevarysoverygreatlyintheirsensitivitytothisqualityoffeeling.Thewriterofthepresentcontribution,indeed,musthimselfpleadguiltytoaspecialobtusenessinthematter,whereextremedelicacyofperceptionwouldbemoreinplace.Itislongsincehehasexperiencedorheardofanythingwhichhasgivenhimanuncannyimpression,andhemuststartbytranslatinghimselfintothatstateoffeeling,byawakeninginhimselfthepossibilityofexperiencingit.Still,suchdifficultiesmakethemselvespowerfullyfeltinmanyotherbranchesofaesthetics;weneednotonthataccountdespairoffindinginstancesinwhichteequalityinquestionwillbeunhesitatinglyrecognizedbymostpeople.
Twocoursesareopentousattheoutset.Eitherwecanfindoutwhatmeaninghascometobeattachedtotheword'uncanny'inthecourseofitshistory;orwecancollectallthosepropertiesofpersons,things,sense-impressions,experiencesandsituationswhicharouseinusthefeelingofuncanniness,andtheninfertheunknownnatureoftheuncannyfromwhatalltheseexampleshaveincommon.Iwillsayatoncethatbothcoursesleadtothesameresult:
theuncannyisthatclassofthefrighteningwhichleadsbacktowhatisknownofoldandlongfamiliar.Howthisispossible,inwhatcircumstancesthefamiliarcanbecomeuncannyandfrightening,Ishallshowinwhatfollows.Letmealsoaddthatmyinvestigationwasactuallybegunbycollectinganumberofindividualcases,andwasonlylaterconfirmedbyanexaminationoflinguisticusage.Inthisdiscussion,however,Ishallfollowthereversecourse.
TheGermanword'unheimlich'isobviouslytheoppositeof'heimlich'['homely'],'heimisch'['native']theoppositeofwhatisfamiliar;andwearetemptedtoconcludethatwhatis'uncanny'isfrighteningpreciselybecauseitisnotknownandfamiliar.Naturallynoteverythingthatisnewandunfamiliarisfrightening,however;therelationisnotcapableofinversion.
Wecanonlysaythatwhatisnovelcaneasilybecomefrighteningbutnotbyanymeansall.Somethinghastobeaddedtowhatisnovelandunfamiliarinordertomakeituncanny.
Onthewhole,Jentschdidnotgetbeyondthisrelationoftheuncannytothenovelandunfamiliar.Heascribestheessentialfactorintheproductionofthefeelingofuncanninesstointellectualuncertainty;sothattheuncannywouldalways,asitwere,besomethingonedoesnotknowone'swayaboutin.Thebetterorientatedinhisenvironmentapersonis,thelessreadilywillhegettheimpressionofsomethinguncannyinregardtotheobjectsandeventsinit.
Itisnotdifficulttoseethatthisdefinitionisincomplete,andwewillthereforetrytoproceedbeyondtheequation'uncanny'as'unfamiliar'.Wewillfirstturntootherlanguages.Butthedictionariesthatweconsulttellusnothingnew,perhapsonlybecauseweourselvesspeakalanguagethatisforeign.Indeed,wegetanimpressionthatmanylanguagesarewithoutawordforthisparticularshadeofwhatisfrightening.
IshouldliketoexpressmyindebtednesstoDr.TheodorReikforthefollowingexcerpts:
Latin:
(K.E.Georges,Deutschlateinischesbuch,1898).Anuncannyplace:
locussuspectus;atanuncannytimeofnight:
intempestanocte.
Greek:
(Rost'sandSchenkl'sLexikons).Eeros(i.e.,strange,foreign).
English:
(fromthedictionariesofLucas,Bellows,FlumlgelandMuret-Sanders).Uncomfortable,uneasy,gloomy,dismal,uncanny,ghastly;(ofahouse)haunted;(ofaman)arepulsivefellow.
French:
(Sachs-Villatte).Inquiétant,sinistre,lugubre,malàsonaise.
Spanish:
(Tollhausen,1889).Sospechoso,demalaguëro,lúgubre,siniestro.
TheItalianandPortugueselanguagesseemtocontentthemselveswithwordswhichweshoulddescribeascircumlocutions.InArabicandHebrew‘uncanny’meansthesameas‘daemonic’,‘gruesome’.
LetusthereforereturntotheGermanlanguage.InDanielSanders’sWörterbuchderDeutschenSprache(1860,1,729),thefollowingentry,whichIherereproduceinfull,istobefound
undertheword‘heimlich’.Ihavelaidstressononeortwopassagesbyitalicizingthem.
Heimlich,adj.,subst.Heimlichkeit(pl.Heimlichkeiten):
I.Alsoheimelich,heimelig,belongingtothehouse,notstrange,familiar,tame,intimate,friendly,etc.
(a)(Obsolete)belongingtothehouseorthefamily,orregardedassobelonging(cf.Latinfamiliaris,familiar);DieHeimlichen,themembersofthehousehold;DerheimlicheRat(Gen.xli,45;2Sam.xxiii,23;IChron.xii,25;Wisd.viii.4),nowmoreusuallyGeheimerRat[PrivyCouncillor].
(b)Ofanimals:
tame,companionabletoman.Asopposedtowild,e.g.,‘Animalswhichareneitherwildnorheimlich’,etc.‘Wildanimals…thataretrainedtobeheimlichandaccustomedtomen.’‘Iftheseyoungcreaturesarebroughtupfromearlydaysamongmentheybecomequiteheimlich,friendly’etc.—Soalso:
‘It(thelamb)issoheimlichandeatsoutofmyhand.’‘Nevertheless,thestorkisabeautifulheimelichbird.’
(c)Intimate,friendlycomfortable;theenjoymentofquietcontent,etc.,arousingasenseofagreeablerestfulnessandsecurityasinonewithinthefourwallsofhishouse.Isitstillheimlichtoyouinyourcountrywherestrangersarefellingyourwoods?
’‘Shedidnotfeeltooheimlichwithhim.’‘Alongahigh,heimlich,shadypath…,besideapurling,gushingandbabblingwoodlandbrook.’‘TodestroytheHeimlichkeitofthehome.’‘Icouldnotreadilyfindanotherspotsointimateandheimlichasthis.’‘Wepictureditsocomfortable,sonice,socosyandheimlich.’‘InquietHeimlichkeit,surroundedbyclosewalls.’‘Acarefulhousewife,whoknowshowtomakeapleasingHeimlichkeit(Häuslichkeit[domesticity])outofthesmallestmeans.’‘Themanwhotillrecentlyhadbeensostrangetohimnowseemedtohimallthemoreheimlich.’‘Theprotestantland-ownersdonotfeel…heimlichamongtheircatholicinferiors.’‘Whenitgrowsheimlichandstill,andtheeveningquietalonewatchesoveryourcell.’‘Quiet,lovelyandheimlich,noplacemorefittedfortherest.’‘Hedidnotfeelatallheimlichaboutit.’—Also,[incompounds]‘Theplacewassopeaceful,solonely,soshadily-heimlich.’‘Thein-andoutflowingwavesofthecurrent,dreamyandlullaby-heimlich.’Cf.inespecialUnheimlich[seebelow].AmongSwabianSwissauthorsinespecial,oftenasatrisyllable:
‘HowheimelichitseemedtoIvoagainofanevening,whenhewasathome.’‘Itwassoheimeliginthehouse.’‘Thewarmroomandtheheimeligafternoon.’‘WhenamanfeelsinhisheartthatheissosmallandtheLordsogreat—thatiswhatistrulyheimelig.’‘Littlebylittletheygrewateaseandheimeligamongthemselves.’‘FriendlyHeimeligkeit.’‘IshallbenowheremoreheimelichthanIamhere.’‘Thatwhichcomesfromafar…assuredlydoesnotlivequiteheimelig(heimatlich[athome],freundnachbarlich[inaneighbourlyway])amongthepeople.’‘Thecottagewherehehadoncesatsooftenamonghisownpeople,soheimelig,sohappy.’‘Thesentinel’shornsoundssoheimeligfromthetower,andhisvoiceinvitessohospitably.’‘Yougotosleeptheresosoftandwarm,sowonderfullyheim’lig.’—ThisformoftheworddeservestobecomegeneralinordertoprotectthisperfectlygoodsenseofthewordfrombecomingobsoletethroughaneasyconfusionwithII[seebelow].Cf:
‘"TheZecks[afamilyname]areall‘heimlich’."(insenseII)"’Heimlich’?
…Whatdoyouunderstandby‘heimlich’?
""Well,…theyarelikeaburiedspringoradried-uppond.Onecannotwalkoveritwithoutalwayshavingthefeelingthatwatermightcomeupthereagain.""
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