Difference of court system between The US and China.docx
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Difference of court system between The US and China.docx
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DifferenceofcourtsystembetweenTheUSandChina
DifferenceofcourtsystembetweenTheU.S.andChina
TheUnitedStatesisundoubtedlytheworld'slargestdevelopedcountry,thecourtsystemaftertwohundredyearsofdevelopment,hasbecomeanoutstandingrepresentativeofmaturelegalsysteminthewest.Chinaisthelargestdevelopingcountryintheworld,andthesocialismcourtsystemwithChinesecharacteristicshasachievedremarkableachievementsafterhalfacenturyoftwistsandturns,andalsoisfacingthedilemmaofreform.
UnitedStatescourtorganizationconsistsoftwomajorcomponents:
theFederalCourtsystemandStateCourtsystems.TheFederalCourtsystembytheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt,FederalCourtofappealandtheFederalDistrictCourt.TheFederalfirstinstancecourtislocatedintheStatesoftheUnitedStatesDistrictcourts.DistrictCourtof"area"hasthemeaningdoesnotcorrespondtosomelevelofadministrativedivision,inagreaternumberofStatescanhaveseveralUnitedStatesDistrictCourt,inthiscase,theStatecanbedividedinto"North"and"Southern","Western"and"East"area(onthenameofthisDivisionisreflectedintheCourt),forexample:
WisconsinEasternDistrictCourt.
Areaswithalayerof"UnitedStatesCourtofappeals",theCourtofappealcurrentlyhas11.AreasofjurisdictionoftheCourtofappealcalled"tour",atouringzonemaygoverningthejurisdictionoftheCourtofappealinseveralStates.AspecificofficialnameaccordingtotheirCircuitCourtofappealsdistrictnumbernaming,suchas"UnitedStatesDistrictCourtofappealsforthesecondcircuit".
UnitedStatesSupremeCourtestablishedbytheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,isthefinalCourtofappeal.Inaddition,theUnitedStatesCongressalsoestablishedanumberofspecializedcourtstodealwithspecialcases:
theCourtofFederalclaims(Washington),theFederalCustomsCourt(NewYork),UnitedStatesCourtofcustomsandpatentappeals,theFederalCourtofmilitaryappeals.
OntheStateCourt,UnitedStatesallStateshavearespectivecompletejusticesystem,mostStateCourtconstitutedbythethree-levelcourt,andsomeonlyforatwo-level.KnownastheDistrictCourt,CircuitCourtoffirstinstancecourts,HighCourt,someStatessuchasNewYorkStateSupremeCourt.Setthree-StateleveltotheintermediatecourtinthemiddleoftheCourt,istheCourtofappeal,thattheCourtofappeal.StateistheStateoftheCourtofJusticeoftheSupremeCourt.InsomeStates,theCourtoffirstinstanceandsetupaSpecialCourt,suchasfamilyanddomesticrelationsCourt(NewYork)
People'sRepublicofChinaestablishedtheSupremePeople'sCourt,localpeople'scourts,militarycourtsandotherspecialpeople'scourtsatalllevels.SubjecttotheCourtofappealoftheSupremePeople'sCourtastheonlyoutsidetheCourt,aredividedintolocalcourtsandspecializedcourtsthetwosystems.Localcourtsaredividedintothreelevels,respectivelycalledgrass-rootspeople'scourts,theintermediatepeople'sCourt,thehighpeople'sCourt.ThatcorrespondstothesettingoftheDistrictCourttotheGovernmentExecutivepowermanagementareaasabase.Specialpeople'scourtsareanintegralpartintheChinesecourtsystem."Specialized"verbalfightbytheNPCStandingCommitteeaccordingtothisconceptneedstobeexplainedanddecidedtoestablishthespecialjurisdictionoftheCourt.
Thepoliticalandeconomicsystemsindifferentcountrieshaveundergonefundamentalchanges.Thejudicialsystemseparatedfrompoliticshasgreatdifferences.Thesocialfunctionsandsocialrolesofthecourtsarealsodifferent.However,thecourtsofvariouscountriesoftheadministrationofjusticematters,whichislefttothecourtsthemselves.Judicialadministrationofthecourtsisanimportantaspectthataffectstheindependentstatusofthecourtsandtheworkingenvironmentofthejudges.TheCourt'sjudicialadministrationiscommonlyreferredtoastheCourt'speople,financialandmaterialissues,including:
theCourt'sinfrastructure,theCourt'sfundingmanagement,theCourtstaffingarrangements,thejudge'srecruitment,assessment,promotionanddismissalofcasesmanagementandstatistics.ThroughoutChinaandtheUnitedStatestheissueofjudicialadministration,itcanbesaidthatalmostallofChina'sjudicialadministrationinthebureaucratic,andtheUScourtstoimplementtheadministrationofjudicialautonomy,thejudgesalmostnonationalcivilservice.
ThequalificationscomparisonofJudgesintheadministrationofjusticebetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates:
undertheinfluenceinthethinkingthatcourtisthelastlineofsocialjustice,thejudgeisthedefensivegoalkeeper,sotheUnitedStatesonthequalificationsofjudgeshasverystrictrequirements.IntheUnitedStates,afederalcourtjudge(fromtheSupremeCourttotheDistrictCourt)mustbe:
(1)aUScitizen;
(2)graduateoftheAmericanUniversitySchoolofLawandgetaJDdegree(USlegaleducationisnotsetupundergraduatelaw,collegegraduateapplylawschool,afterthreeyearsofstudytocompletethecreditsthentheycangranttheJDdegree,that'sthe"legalprofession");(3)qualifiedafterarigorousqualificationexamination,andthemanmusthasbeenworkingasalawyerforseveralyears.JudgeswhoserveasjudgesoftheStateCourt,inparticulartheSupremeCourt,theCourtofAppealandtheCourtofFirstInstanceofordinaryjurisdiction,shallingeneralpossesstheaboveconditions.WecanseethattheUnitedStatesemphasizesthatthejudgeisapersonwithrichpracticalexperienceandgoodmoralknowledge.Thegeneralrequirementforthejudgeis"theelder,theexperienceandtheelite".Lawschoolgraduatescannotengagedinthejudgescareerafteroutofthegate,thatisonlyintheknowledgeandexperiencetoacertainlevel,thatcantoboardthejudge'sthrone.
ComparedwiththeUnitedStates,thequalityofjudicialpersonnelinChinamaybeispoorer,andthequalificationrequirementsforjudgesarelower.Judgingfromthesourceofthejudgespoint,theyaremainlybythepoliticalandlegalinstitutionsgraduates,soldiersandsocialrehabilitationcomposition,andthelattertwoaccountedforalargeproportionofthenumber.Althoughthe"JudgeLaw"basedonChina'snationalconditions,fromthepoliticalquality,culturallevel,legalknowledge,workexperience,ageandhealthstatus,thequalificationsofjudgesasamorestringentrequirementsforjudgesatthebeginningofahigherThebasicqualityofthelegalguarantee,reflectstheprogressofthetimes.However,thelimitationsoftheJudgeLawareobvious:
inordernottohavetoomuchdisparitywiththeexistingconditionsofthejudges,theJudgeLawistoobroadintermsofthetermsofofficeofjudges;judgeswhoareelectedonsuchtermscannothaveProfoundlegalknowledge,richexperienceinthetrial,itisimpossibletohaveawiderangeofsocialexperience.Althoughthejudgesmusttogothroughtheinitialexaminationofthequalificationsofjudges,buttheirqualifiedforhighlyprofessionaltrialworkcannotbesaidtobereluctant.So,toensurethehighqualityofthefirstjudge,sothattrulybecomethe"patronsaintofjustice,"wemustfurtherenhancefromlegislationtothequalificationsofjudgesinChina.
ComparisonofJudgePersonnelManagementinUSandChineseCourtsSystem:
JudgesintheUnitedStatesarenotpromotedintermsofpromotiontolowercourtsandhighercourts,andtheappointmentofjudgesinhighercourtsorhighercourtsisgenerallydeterminedbyreputationandoutstandingachievements.Americanjudgesareindependent,onlyobeythelaw,maketherefereebyoneself,nolongerneedtoreporttotheotherjudgesordeantoapprovethecase.In1973,theUnitedStatesCongressestablishedtheCourtsAdministrationandtheCircuitJudicialCommitteeastheexecutivebodiesoftheJudicialConferences.TheCourtAdministrationconsistsofprofessionaladministratorswhomanagethebudget,personnel,procurementandothergeneralandancillaryfunctionsoftheFederalCourt.OneoftheresponsibilitiesoftheCounciloftheJudicialCommitteeistoreviewandsupporttherequestsmadebytheregionsfortheappointmentofnewjudges.Thisstrictinspectionofpersonnelappointmentandremovalwillhelpstrengthenthesenseofsacrednessandmissionofthejudgeonthejob,butalsoconducivetotheindependenceofthecourtstoexercisejudicialpower.
InChina,thepersonneladministrationofjudgesiscompletelyadministrative.TheDepartmentofPoliticalAffairsintheCourtisthebodyresponsiblefortheCourt'spersonnelmanagement.Judgesofthepromotion,rewardsandpunishments,separationsdismissedbytheCourt'sPoliticalDepartmentinaccordancewiththeadministrativeorgansofthepersonnelmanagementmodeltooperate.Inthismodeofoperation,thecourtinthetrialofjudgesandengagedinnon-trialstaffareknownas"cadres",thedifferencebetweenthetwoisnotclear.Atthesametime,therankdesignofthejudgesinthecourtshasalsofullyintroducedthehierarchicalmodelusedintheexecutivesystem,whichnotonlymeansthedifferenceofpoliticaltreatment,butalsoshowstherankofthehierarchyandthesizeoftheresponsibility,Abilitydifference.Itreinforcestheexecutiverankofthehighjudge'sinfluenceandtherankoflowjudge'sobedience.Thisisnotconducivetojudgetheindependentjudgmentsofthemanagementmodelisboundtoincreasetheuncertaintyofjudicialjudgments,andforimproperinterventioninjudicialactivitiestofacilitate.
ComparingtheGuaranteeofCourtFunds:
TheUnitedStatescourtfundingsecuritysystemfromtheobjectivetoprotectthein
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