环境工程专业英语unit14.docx
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环境工程专业英语unit14
第二单元物质的变化
二、问答题:
1、世界是由物质构成的。
我们身边的书、橡皮、电灯、大树、动物、植物包括我们自己都是由物质构成的。
1、月相的变化有什么规律?
(P49)
5、草蛉是蚜虫的天敌,七星瓢虫吃蚜虫,蜻蜓吃蚊子。
答:
如水资源缺乏,全球气候变暖,生物品种咖快灭绝,地球臭氧层受到破坏,土地荒漠化等世界性的环境问题。
3BiologicalWastewaterTreatment
Applicationofmicrobialdegradationandremovalofundesirableconstituentsinindustrialandmunicipalwastesisnotanewconcept.Itiscommonlyusedprocessforgeneralwastewatertreatmentactivitiesandhasbeenformanyyears.Astheawarenessofchemicalcontaminationoftheenvironment,muchresearchonbiologicaldegradationoftoxicchemicalshasoccurred.Amongtherangeoftreatmenttechnologies,biologicaldegradationranksamongthemosteffective.Itsmanagementandapplicationisenhancedbythepotentialtoapplybiologicaltreatmentinsequencewithotherchemicalandthermalprocesses.
Activatedsludge
Theactivatedsludgeprocessisstypicaltypeofsuspendedgrowthbiologicaltreatmentsystemandprobablythemostwidelyusedbiologicalprocessforthetreatmentoforganicandindustrialwastewaters.However,itcanonlytreataqueousorganicwastestreamshavinglessthan1%suspendedsolidcontent,andcannottolerateshockloadingofconcentratedorganics.Therefore,thewastestreamenteringthisprocesswillusuallyhavepassedthroughapretreatmentprocesswhichincludesaclarifier(primaryclarifier)andanequalizationbasin.Theprimaryclarifierisusedforremovalofgrit,oilyandfattymaterialandgrosssolidmaterial,whiletheequalizationbasinisusedtodampenwastewaterflowvariationsandtoprovidemoreuniformorganicloadingtotheactivatedsludgesystem.
Activatedsludgeprocessareusedtotreatmunicipalandindustrialwastessincetheyareversatile,flexible,andcanbeusedtoproduceaneffluentofdesiredqualitybyvaryingprocessparameters.Theprocesswasso-namedbecauseitproducesanactivemassofmicroorganismscapableofaerobicallystabilizingawaste.Manyversionsofthebasicprocessexistbutallarefundamentallysimilar.
Thetermactivatedsludgeisappliedtoboththeprocessandtothebiologicalsolidsinthetreatmentunit.Themixedliquorsuspendedsolidsoractivatedsludgecontainsavarietyofheterotrophicmicroorganismssuchasbacteria,protozoa,fungi,andlargermicroorganisms.Thepredominanceofaparticularmicrobialspeciesdependsuponthewastethatistreatedandthewayinwhichtheprocessisoperated.
Theactivatedsludgeprocessiscurrentlythemostwidelyusedbiologicaltreatmentprocess.Thisispartlytheresultofthefactthatrecirculationofthebiomass,whichisanintegralpartoftheprocess,allowsmicroorganismstoadapttochangesinwastewatercompositionwitharelativelyshortacclimationtimeandalsoallowsagreaterdegreeofcontrolovertheacclimatedbacterialpopulation.
Anactivatedsludgesystemconsistsofanequalizationbasin,asettlingtank,anaerationbasin,aclarifier,andasludgerecycleline.Wastewaterishomogenizedinanequalizedbasintoreducevariationsinthefeed,whichmaycauseprocessupsetsofthemicroorganismsanddiminishtreatmentefficiency.Settleablesolidsarethenremovedinasettlingtank.
Next,wastewaterentersanaerationbasin,whereanaerobicbacterialpopulationismaintainedinsuspensionandoxygen,aswellasnutrients,areprovide.Thecontentsofthebasinarereferredtoasthemixedliquor.Oxygenissuppliedtotheaerationbasinbymechanicalordiffusedaeration,whichalsoaidsinkeepingthemicrobialpopulationinsuspension.Themixedliquoriscontinuouslydischargedfromtheaerationbasinintoaclarifier,wherethebiomassisseparatedfromthetreatedwastewater.Aportionofthebiomassisrecycledtotheaerationbasintomaintainanoptimumconcentrationofacclimatedmicroorganismsintheaerationbasin.Theremainderoftheseparatedbiomassisdischargedor“wasted”,Thebiomassmaybefurtherdewateredonsludgedryingbedsorbysludgefiltrationtodisposal.Theclarifiedeffluentisdischarged.
Therecycledbiomassisreferredtoasactivatedsludge.Theterm“activated”isusedbecausethebiomasscontainslivingandacclimatedmicroorganismsthatmetabolizeandassimilateorganicmaterialatahigherratewhenreturnedtotheaerationbasin.Thisoccursbecauseofthelowfood-to-microorganismratiointhesludgefromtheclarifier.
Forthetreatmentofindustrialwastewater,supplementalnutrientsourcesareoftenneededtoprovidesufficientnitrogenandphosphorus.Inmostcases,nitrogenisaddedasammoniaandphosphorusasphosphoricacid.AproperpHrange(6to8)andssufficientdissolvedoxygenconcentration(aminimumofIto2mg/L)mustalsobemaintainedintheaerationbasintosupportahealthyandactivesystem.
7、硫酸铜溶液与铁钉的反应属于化学反应。
硫酸铜溶液的颜色是蓝色,将铁钉浸入硫酸铜溶液中,我们发现铁钉变红了。
Theaerationbasinhydraulicretentiontime(HRT)andsludgeresidencetime(SRT)areimportantoperationalfactors.HRTisdefinedastheratioofthevolumeofaerationtanktotheinfluentliquidflowrate,andSRTisthetotalamountofsludgeinthesystemdividedbytherateofsludgeleavingthesystemaswaste.Sufficienttimemustbeprovidedtoallowthebacteriatoassimilatetheorganicmaterialinthewastewater.TheHRTisusuallyfrom6to24hoursandSRTisfrom4to10daysfortheactivatedsludgeprocess.Theoptimumoperatingtemperatureisintherangeof25°Cto32°C.
12、淡水在自来水厂中除了沉淀和过滤之外,还要加入药物进行灭菌处理,这样才能符合我们使用的标准。
Althoughorganismspresentinactivatedsludgesystemsrangefromvirusestomulticellularorganisms,thepredominantandmostactiveareheterotrophic,andtolesserextent,autotrophicbacteria,whicharebothaggregatedinthesludgeflocsanddispersedintheliquid.Heterotrophicbacteriautilizeorganicmaterialasasourceofcarbonandenergy,whileautotrophicbacteriagenerallydependontheoxidationofmineralcompoundsforenergyrequirementsandutilizecarbondioxideasacarbonsource.Thesebacteriaarecapableofperforminghydrolysisandoxidationreactions.
3、月球是距离地球最近的星球直径大约是地球的1/4,质量大约是地球的1/80,月球体积大约是地球的1/49,月球引力大约是地球的1/6。
Complexhydrocarbonsareoxidizedtolowermolecularweightsbyoxygenaseenzymeswhichincorporateoxygendirectedintothelongchainorcyclichydrocarbonmolecule.Polysaccharides,fats,andproteinsaredegradedfromtheirpolymericstatetounitsviahydrolysis.Theend-products,i.e.,alcoholsandacids,fromthosereactionswillenterthemicroorganismandbemetabolizedbyoxidationreactionscatalyzedbyendo-enzymes.Theoxidationfollowsthechemicalsequenceof:
alcoholsoxidizedtoaldehydesandthentoacids.Aportionoftheacidsareoxidizedtocarbondioxideandwatertoobtainthenecessaryenergytouseremainingacidsforcellgrowth.
Generally,theactivatedsludgeprocessisreadilycapableofdecomposingalcohols,aldehydes,fattyacids,alkanes,alkenes,cycloalkenesandaromatics.Othercompoundssuchasisoalkanesandhalogenatedhydrocarbonsaremoreresistanttomicrobialdecomposition.Therefore,thedegreeoftreatmentandtherateofdecompositionaredependentupontheacclimatedbiomassintheactivatedsludgesystem.However,onlydiluteaqueouswastescannormallybetreated,andmosthazardousorganicwastesaretoxicorinhibitorytotheprocessexceptatverylowconcentrations.Therefore,treatmentofhazardouswastesbythisprocessisoftenmostpracticalwheretheaqueouswastecanbemixedwithamorereadilybiodegradablewastewaterstream.
1、放大镜为什么能放大物体的图像呢?
我们注意到它的特点了吗?
(P3)Dissolvedmetalionsandfinemetalparticlesproducesoadverseeffectonmicrobialmetabolismbybindingattheenzymeactivesiteorcausingconformationalchangesintheenzymewithactivatedsludgeprocess.Normally,microorganismscantolerateonlyafewmilligramsperliterorlessofheavymetals.Heavymetalsmaybekeptinsolublebytheadditionofferroussulfatetoencouragesulfideprecipitationandlightmetalcationsmaybedetoxifiedbyencouragingformationofcarbonatesandbicarbonates.Inadditiontobiodegradation,organicmaterialsmayberemovedbyair-stripping,and/orsorptiontothesludge.
单词表
microbial[maɪ'krobɪəl]
a微生物的
diffusedaeration
扩散曝气鼓风曝气
degradation[,degrə'deɪʃ(ə)n]
n降解
mechanicalaeration[mɪ'kænɪk(ə)l][,eə'reʃən]
机械曝气
toxic['tɒksɪk]
a有毒的
sludgedryingbed
污泥干化床
aqueous['eɪkwɪəs]
a水的含水的水状的
sludgefiltration[fɪl'treʃən]
污泥过滤
tolerate['tɒləreɪt]
vt忍受
sludgedisposal[dɪ'spəʊz(ə)l]
污泥处置
concentrated['kɑnsn'tretɪd]
a浓缩的集中的
assimilate[ə'sɪmɪleɪt]
v同化吸收
shockloading
a冲击负荷
supplemental[,sʌplə'mɛntl]
a补充的
clarifier['klærifaiə]
n澄清器
ammonia[ə'məʊnɪə]
氨
equalizationbasin[,ikwəlɪ'zeʃən]['beɪs(ə)n]
调节池
phosphoricacid[fɒs'fɒrɪk]['æsɪd]
磷酸
dampen['dæmp(ə)n]
vt抑制使沮丧
multicellular[mʌltɪ'seljʊlə]
a多细胞的
uniform['juːnɪfɔːm]
a一致的,统一的
predominant[prɪ'dɒmɪnənt]
a主要的
organicloading
有机负荷
autotrophic[,ɔːtə'trɒfɪk]
a自养的
versatile['vɜːsətaɪl]
a通用的
aggregate['ægrɪgət]
v聚集
flexible['fleksɪb(ə)l]
a灵活的
floc[flɒk]
n絮状物
effluent['eflʊənt]
n出水
disperse[dɪ'spɜːs]
v分散
heterotrophic[,hetərəʊ'trɒfɪk]
a异养的
mineralcompounds
['mɪn(ə)r(ə)l]['kɒmpaʊnd]
n无机物
autotrophic[,ɔːtə'trɒfɪk]
a自养的
hydrolysis[haɪ'drɒlɪsɪs]
n水解作用
predominance
[prɪ'dɑmɪnəns]
n优势优越
species['spiʃiz]
a物种
recirculation[rɪ,sɝkjə'leʃən]
n再循环
oxygenase['ɒksɪdʒəneɪs]
n加氧酶
biomass['baɪə(ʊ)mæs]
n(单位面积或体积内)生物质
enzyme['enzaɪm]
n酶
integral['ɪntɪgr(ə)l;ɪn'tegr(ə)l]
a整体的
incorporate[ɪn'kɔːpəreɪt]
v包含吸收合并
homogenize[hə'mɒdʒənaɪz]
vt使均匀使类同
longchainhydrocarbon
长链烃
diminish[dɪ'mɪnɪʃ]
v减小变少
cyclichydrocarbon['saɪklɪk;'sɪk-]
环烃
aerationbasin
[,eə'reʃən]['beɪs(ə)n]
曝气池
polysaccharide[,pɒlɪ'sækəraɪd]
n多糖多聚糖
aerobicbacterial
[eə'rəʊbɪk][bæk'tɪrɪəl]
好氧细菌
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