丁晓钟串讲四级冲刺阶段讲义.docx
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丁晓钟串讲四级冲刺阶段讲义.docx
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丁晓钟串讲四级冲刺阶段讲义
冲刺阶段
指导方针:
集中优势兵力,歼灭“敌人”有生力量
冲刺方略:
紧扣考纲,透析真题,归纳考点,查漏补缺
§1.传统阅读理解
一、概述
1.测试内容与要求:
1)测试题型
阅读理解
测试方式
测试题型
分值比例
新四级
仔细阅读
多项选择
25%
选词填空或SAQ
快速阅读
是非判断或多项选择+句子填空
10%
从上表可以看出,新四级在测试阅读能力方面手段十分丰富,主要表现在测试题型的多样化,对考生的阅读能力提出了更高的要求。
2)大纲要求
阅读理解部分主要测试下述能力:
①掌握所读材料的主旨和大意;
②了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节;【重中之重,约占四级传统阅读题型的70%】
③既理解字面的意思,也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论;
④既理解个别句子的意义,也理解上下文的逻辑关系。
阅读理解部分的目的是测试学生通过阅读获取信息的能力,既要求准确,也要求有一定速度。
2.选材原则:
1)题材广泛,可包括人物传记、社会、文化、日常知识、科普常识等,但所涉及的背景知识应能为学生所理解。
2)体裁多样,可包括叙述文、说明文、议论文等,以说明文和议论文为主。
3)文章的语言难度中等。
3.选材及题型预测:
1)最近几年四级考试中,选用文章的题材估计偏向社会人文方面会多一些。
2)题型仍以细节类试题为主,所占比例最大且数量会保持相对稳定。
同时,推断类、观点类及主题类试题的比例可能会有所上升,词汇释义类试题也可能成为一个比较重要的题型。
4.主要题型:
细节理解题主要考察学生的精读能力,多与文章中细节性、具体性的信息相关联。
这就要求考生在对文章框架进行分析的同时,更要对文章的内容,甚至是字、词、句进行超精读的分析,以提高自己的综合阅读能力。
推理判断题主要考察学生的推理、定位、判断的能力。
要求对文章的结构、作者或专家的观点以及主题句与扩展句等作认真的分析与综合,一定要严格依据文章进行推理,最后得出正确答案。
既不要扩大范围,也不要缩小,更不能掺入个人观点或作过分推理,导致对文章本意的曲解。
考生在平时的训练中,除要了解正确的选项之外,还要对各个干扰选项进行全面而仔细的分析,把握命题思路,提高抗干扰能力,这样才能在考试中得到高分。
主旨大意题目的是考察学生是否理解了文章的总体意思,这也是阅读的首要任务。
读完一篇文章,连大意都没有搞懂,还谈什么理解?
更不用说去选对答案了。
大意题分为文章大意和段落大意两类,如:
Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
是问文章的大意,而Whatisthemainideaofthirdparagraph?
是在问第三段的大意。
大意题的提问方式大致有三种:
1)Whatisthetopicofthispassage?
是问文章的主旨;2)Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
是问文章的中心思想;3)Whatofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitle?
是让读者给文章选用一个最佳题目。
大意题的解题关键是通过skimming略读抓主题句。
如果问的是某一段的大意,抓住该段的主题句,问题即可迎刃而解。
如果问的是全文的主题,将每段的主题句加以综合,便能得出答案。
二、冲刺练习
PassageOne
“Humansshouldnottrytoavoidstressanymorethantheywouldshunfood,loveorexercise,”saidDr.HansSelye,thefirstphysiciantodocumenttheeffectsofstressonthebody.Whilethere’snoquestionthatcontinuousstressisharmful,severalstudiessuggestthatchallengingsituationsinwhichyou’reabletorisetotheoccasioncanbegoodforyou..
Ina2001studyof158hospitalnurses,thosewhofacedconsiderableworkdemandsbutcopedwiththechallengeweremorelikelytosaytheywereingoodhealththanthosewhofelttheycouldn’tgetthejobdone.
Stressthatyoucanmanagemayalsoboostimmune(免疫的)function.InastudyattheAcademicCenterforDentistryinAmsterdam,researchersputvolunteersthroughtwostressfulexperiences.Inthefirst,atimedtaskthatrequiredmemorizingalistfollowedbyashorttest,subjectsbelievedtheyhadcontrolovertheoutcome.Inthesecond,theyweren’tincontrol:
Theyhadtositthroughagory(血淋淋的)videoonsurgicalprocedures.ThosewhodidwellonthememorytesthadanincreaseinlevelsofimmunoglobulinA,anantibodythat’sthebody’sfirstlineofdefenseagainstgerms.Thevideo-watchersexperiencedadownturnintheantibody.
Stresspromptsthebodytoproducecertainstresshormones.Inshortburststhesehormoneshaveapositiveeffect,includingimprovedmemoryfunction.“Theycanhelpnervecellshandleinformationandputitintostorage,”saysDr.BruceMcEwenofRockefellerUniversityinNewYork.Butinthelongrunthesehormonescanhaveaharmfuleffectonthebodyandbrain.
“Sustainedstressisnotgoodforyou,”saysRichardMorimoto,aresearcheratNorthwesternUniversityinIllinoisstudyingtheeffectsofstressonlongevity(长寿),”It’stheoccasionalburstofstressorbriefexposuretostressthatcouldbeprotective.”
1.Thepassageismainlyabout___________.
A)thebenefitsofmanageablestressB)howtoavoidstressfulsituations
C)howtocopewithstresseffectivelyD)theeffectsofstresshormonesonmemory
2.Theword“shun”(Line1,Para.1)mostprobablymeans____________.
A)cutdownonB)stayawayfrom
C)runoutofD)putupwith
3.Wecanconcludefromthestudyofthe158nursesin2001that____________
A)peopleunderstresstendtohaveapoormemory
B)peoplewhocan’tgettheirjobdoneexperiencemorestress
C)doingchallengingworkmaybegoodforone’shealth
D)stresswillweakenthebody’sdefenseagainstgerms
4.IntheexperimentdescribedinParagraph3,thevideo-watchersexperiencedadownturnintheantibodybecause___________.
A)thevideowasnotenjoyableatall
B)theoutcomewasbeyondtheircontrol
C)theyknewlittleaboutsurgicalprocedures
D)theyfeltnopressurewhilewatchingthevideo
5.Dr.BruceMcEwenofRockefellerUniversitybelievesthat____________.
A)aperson’smemoryisdeterminedbythelevelofhormonesinhisbody
B)stresshormoneshavelastingpositiveeffectsonthebrain
C)shortburstsofstresshormonesenhancememoryfunction
D)aperson’smemoryimproveswithcontinuedexperienceofstress.
PassageTwo
Ifyouwanttoteachyourchildrenhowtosaysorry,youmustbegoodatsayingityourself,especiallytoyourownchildren.Buthowyousayitcanbequitetricky.
Ifyousaytoyourchildren“I’msorryIgotangrywithyou,but…”whatfollowsthat“but”canrendertheapologyineffective:
“Ihadabadday”or“yournoisewasgivingmeaheadache”leavesthepersonwhohasbeeninjuredfeelingthatheshouldbeapologizingforhisbadbehaviorinexpectinganapology.
Anothermethodbywhichpeopleappeartoapologizewithoutactuallydoingsoistosay“I’msorryyou’reupset”;thissuggeststhatyouaresomehowatfaultforallowingyourselftogetupsetbywhattheotherpersonhasdone.
Thenthereisthegeneral,allcoveringapology,whichavoidsthenecessityofidentifyingaspecificactthatwasparticularlyhurtfulorinsulting,andwhichthepersonwhoisapologizingshouldpromisenevertodoagain.Saying“I’muselessasaparent”doesnotcommitapersontoanyspecificimprovement.
Thesepseudo-apologiesareusedbypeoplewhobelievesayingsorryshowsweakness,Parentswhowishtoteachtheirchildrentoapologizeshouldseeitasasignofstrength,andthereforenotresorttothesepseudo-apologies.
Butevenwhenpresentedwithexamplesofgenuinecontrition(痛悔),childrenstillneedhelptobecomeawareofthecomplexitiesofsayingsorry.Athree-year-oldmightneedhelpinunderstandingthatotherchildrenfeelpainjustashedoes,andthathittingaplaymateovertheheadwithaheavytoyrequiresanapology.Asix-year-oldmightneedremindingthatspoilingotherchildren’sexpectationscanrequireanapology.A12-year-oldmightneedtobeshownthatraidingthebiscuittinwithoutaskingpermissionisacceptable,butthatborrowingaparent’sclotheswithoutpermissionisnot.
1.Ifamotheradds”but”toanapology,____________.
A)shedoesn’tfeelthatsheshouldhaveapologized.
B)shedoesnotrealizethatthechildhasbeenhurt
C)thechildmayfindtheapologyeasiertoaccept
D)thechildmayfeelthatheowesheranapology
2.Accordingtotheauthor,saying“I’msorryyou’reupset”mostprobablymeans“____________”.
A)Youhavegoodreasontogetupset
B)I’mawareyou’reupset,butI’mnottoblame
C)Iapologizeforhurtingyourfeelings
D)I’matfaultformakingyouupset
3.Itisnotadvisabletousethegeneral,all-coveringapologybecause___________.
A)itgetsoneintothehabitofmakingemptypromises
B)itmaymaketheotherpersonfeelguilty
C)itisvagueandineffective
D)itishurtfulandinsulting
4.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinteachingchildrentosaysorry___________.
A)thecomplexitiesinvolvedshouldbeignored
B)theiragesshouldbetakenintoaccount
C)parentsneedtosetthemagoodexample
D)parentsshouldbepatientandtolerant
5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatapologizingproperlyis______________.
A)asocialissuecallingforimmediateattention
B)notnecessaryamongfamilymembers
C)asignofsocialprogress
D)notassimpleasitseems
§2.完形填空
一、题型概述
完形填空是一种综合性很强的题型,它不仅考查考生的词汇能力,同时也考查学生的篇章分析能力。
所以说,基本能力、基本技能对解此种题型显得尤为重要。
该题型一般由一篇200~300个词左右的文章组成,通常有20个填空。
二、考点剖析
根据大纲对完形填空的测试要求,可以预测完形填空将有三大测试重点:
1.词汇的辨析:
侧重考查对近义词的辨析,特别是动词、形容词及名词等词类。
2.固定搭配:
主要包括动词词组、介词词组和形容词词组。
3.上下文的衔接:
主要考查句子之间、意群之间、段落之间的衔接。
三、冲刺练习
AlthoughtherearemanyskillfulBraillereaders,thousandsofotherblindpeoplefinditdifficulttolearnthatsystem.Theyaretherebyshut1fromtheworldofbooksandnewspapers,havingto2onfriendstoreadaloudtothem.
AyoungscientistnamedRaymondKurzweilhasnowdesignedacomputerwhichisamajor3inprovidingaidtothe4.Hismachine,Cyclops,hasacamerathat5anypage,interpretstheprintintosounds,andthendeliversthemorallyinarobot-like6throughaspeaker.Bypressingtheappropriatebuttons7Cyclops’skeyboard,ablindpersoncan“read”any8documentintheEnglishlanguage.
Thisremarkableinventionrepresentsatremendous9forwardintheeducationofthehandicapped.Atpresent,Cyclopscosts$50,000.10,Mr.Kurzweilandhisassociatesarepreparingasmaller11improvedversionthatwillsell12lessthanhalfthatprice.Withinafewyears,Kurzweil13thepricerangewillbelowenoughforeveryschoolandlibraryto14one.MichaelHingson,DirectoroftheNationalFederationfortheBlind,hopesthat15willbeabletobuyhome16ofCyclopsforthepriceofagoodtelevisionset.
Mr.Hingson’sorganizationpurchasedfivemachinesandisnowtestingtheminMaryland,Colorado,Iowa,California,andNewYork.Blindpeoplehavebeen17inthosetests,makinglotsof18suggestionstotheengineerswhohelpedtoproduceCyclops.
“Thisisthefirsttimethatblindpeoplehaveeverdoneindividualstudies19aproductwasputonthemarket,”Hingsonsaid.“Mostmanufacturersbelievedthathavingtheblindhelptheblindwasliketellingdisabledpeopletoteachotherdisabledpeople.Inthat20,themanufacturershavebeentheblindones.”
1.
A)up
B)down
C)in
D)off
2.
A)dwell
B)rely
C)press
D)urge
3.
A)execution
B)distinction
C)bre
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