经典如何在新托福口语考试中做笔记.docx
- 文档编号:3608894
- 上传时间:2022-11-24
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:13
- 大小:26.91KB
经典如何在新托福口语考试中做笔记.docx
《经典如何在新托福口语考试中做笔记.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《经典如何在新托福口语考试中做笔记.docx(13页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
经典如何在新托福口语考试中做笔记
如何在新托福口语考试中做笔记
众所周知,为了模拟北美大学课堂的学术气氛和学生在校园生活的方方面面,新托福考试的口语部分首次允许考生做课堂笔记(笔记考完要上交,但笔记不算分)、并要求考生能够发表自己的意见和看法,而且必须具备对教授推荐的参考书写出读书报告、阐明自己观点的能力以及其他处理校园生活中可能遇到的各种情况的能力。
本文拟对新托福口语考试(包括独立口语任务和综合口语任务)中如何做笔记的问题做深人地分析和探讨。
Note-takingintheIndependentTask
该部分要求考生就某一自己熟悉的话题阐述自己的观点。
一类问题是自由回答间题(Free-choiceResponse),如:
Ifyoucouldhaveanyjobintheworld,whatwoulditbe?
Usedetailstosupportyour.response;另一类是选择类问题(Paired-choiceResponse),如:
Doyouliketotrynewkindsoffoodoreatthesamekindoffoodallthetime?
Usedetailsandexamplestosupportyourresponse,准备时间为15秒,回答问题时间为45秒。
问题会被朗读出来,且同时出现在屏幕上。
考生可以不用理会电脑的朗读,迅速阅读完问题。
这样可以争取大概5秒,那么在这大约20秒内,考生可在草稿纸上迅速记下自己所要表达的关键信息。
这里记笔记的方法为“TST表格”。
TST(Topic-Supportingideas--Transitions)意思是考生须在草稿纸上用一到两个词写下欲表达的Topic(主题),Supportingideas(分论点)和Transitions(信号词)。
下面试举一例:
Question:
Wherewouldyouwanttobeprofessionallyintenyears?
Usedetailstosupportyourresponse.
考生应迅速在纸上写下“ownbus...”、“master”、“workcom...”、“start”等信息见以下TST(Topic—Supportingideas—Transitions)表格。
Topicstatement:
ownbus...(Iwouldliketoownmyownbusiness)Supportingideas:
(HowIwillworktowardowningmybusiness)
*master(Willgetmaster'sinbusiness)
*workcom...(Willworkincompanywhileplanningmybusiness)
*start(WillstartmyownbusinesswhenIamready)
Transitions:
10nextbecause3within10y(可用y代替years)
SampleAnswer
IntenyearsIwouldliketowinanimportbusinessofmyown.Nextyear,Iwillbestartingamaster'sprograminbusinesswithaspecializationinentrepreneurship.IwillbegettingthisdegreebecauseIhopetostartmyownbusinessandmakeitsuccessfulsomeday.AfterIfinishmymaster'sdegreethreeyearsfromnow,Iwillmostlikelytakeapositioninanothercompanyforafewyearstomakesomemoneyandtospendsometimeplanningmyownbusiness.Withintenyears,Ihopetoownmyowncompanyandbeonthewaytomakingitasuccess.
再举一例:
Question:
Sometimesstudentshavetowritepapers.Sometimestheyhavetogiveoralpresentations.Whichactivitydoyouthinkisbetterforstudents,andwhy?
Includedetailsandexamplesinyourexplanation.
考生应迅速在纸上写下“pap”、“strongreadwriteexams”、“moretimethinkdeeply”等信息。
见以下TST(Topic—Supportingideas—Transitions)表格:
:
Topic:
pap(writingpapersisbetterforstudents)Supportingideas:
(Whywritingpapersisbetter)
*strongreadwriteexams(needstrongwritingskillsforreadingandwritingandprepareforexams)
*moretimethinkdeeply(showunderstandingformoretimetoexplainandthinkdeeply)
Transitions:
firstlybecause,soalso
SampleAnswer
Ithinkwritingpapersisbetterforstudents.Firstlyweneedtodevelopstrongwritingskills.Wegotoschoolmainlytolearnreadingandwriting,soweneedalotofpractice.Examinationsrequirealotofwriting,sowritingpapersisgoodreparation.Also,IthinkwritingisabetterwaytoshowthatIunderstand.WhenIwriteapaper,IcanthinkdeeplybecauseIhavemoretimetoexplainmyideas.
为了给读者更多机会练习使用“TST表格”,特提供一下6个问题供大家练习。
补充练习:
1.Describeaplacethatyouconsidertobebeautiful.Explainwhycertainqualitiesofthisplacemakeitbeautiful.Includedetailsandexamplestosupportyourexplanation.
2.Somepeoplerelaxbystayinghome.Othersrelaxbygoingout.Whichtypeofrelaxationisbetterforyourandwhy?
Includedetailsandexamplesinyourexplanation.-
3.Describeanoccasionwhenyouweresurprised.Whathappenedtoyou,andwhydidyoufeelsurprised?
Includedetailsandexamplesinyourexplanation.
4.Somestudentspreparefortestsbystudyingalone.Otherspreparefortestsbystudyingwithotherstudentsoratutor.Whichstudymethoddoyouthinkisbetter,andwhy?
Includedetailsandexamplesinyourexplanation.
5.Whattypeofhomewouldyouliketolivein?
Describethecharacteristicsofsuchahomeandexplainwhyyouwouldliketolivethere.Includedetailsandexamplesinyourexplanation.
6.Somepeopleexerciseearlyinthemorning.Othersexerciseintheafternoonorevening.Whichtimeofdaydoyouthinkisbetterforexercisingandwhy?
Includedetailsandexamplesinyourexplanation.
Note-takingintheIntegratedTasks
1.Reading—Listening—Speaking
第3题和第4题以试题中的阅读和听力材料为基础,要求考生回答相关问题。
即Reading-Listening-Speaking,具体步骤是首先要求考生在45秒内阅读一篇短文,一般只含一个段落,随后短文隐去,播放一段与短文相关的对话或课堂演讲,其长度大约为1分半钟(比listeningsection中的材料篇幅要短)。
最后,要求考生根据先前阅读的短文和所听到的材料回答相关问题,考生有30秒钟的准备时间,然后进行60秒钟的回答。
而第5题和第6题要求考生先听一段听力材料,然后回答相关问题。
即Listening-Speaking,听力材料通常有一段是情景对话,另一段是课堂演讲,其长度大约为1分半钟。
考生有20秒钟的准备时间,之后进行60秒钟的回答。
在综合口语任务里,你所需要记笔记的内容就是在读短文和听材料的过程中记下材料中的“mainpoints”、“examples”、“reasons”等等。
.而是否能很快识别“信号词”(SignalWords)成为其中的关键。
“信号词”(SignalWords或Transitions)是我们用来“追踪”说话人的思路的词汇,它就像“路标”一样指引着旅行者的方向。
有了信号词,我们就知道说话人何时要举例子,何时要下结论,何时要解释原因等等。
1)信号词
*信号词的分类
种类
例词
所表达的含义
时间顺序
Time-
Sequence
first,later,next,finally,before,after,now,previously,last,then,when,immediately,formerly,subsequently,presently,initially,ultimatelymeanwhile
说话人想按时间顺序叙述事件
举例
Example
forexample,suchas,
forinstance,illustrate
举例子说明:
BlackEnglishusedtobeconsideredsimplypoorEnglishuntillinguistsrealizedthattheso-callederrorswereactuallyconsistentalternativegrammaticalforms,someofwhichoriginatedinAfricanlinguisticpatterns.Forexample,theword"be"instandardEnglishisprimarilyusedaspartoftheinfinitive"tobe."ButinBlackEnglish,"be"canalsobeusedtoindicatearepeatedactionorexistentialstate(Labov,1972).
列举
Enumeration
and,too,finally,furthermore,first(ly),second,third,last,
another,next
说话人罗列观点(有时想暗示各观点不同的重要性):
Firstly,Iwouldliketotalkaboutclassicalmusicanditsrepresentativecomposers.NextIwouldliketotalkaboutJazzmusicandsomeinfluentialalbumsinthehistoryofJazz.Finally,Iwillmoveontopopmusicinthelastcentury.
补充
Continuation
also,inaddition,and,
further,another,aswellas
说话人在继续讨论同一话题,并欲补充更多的信息:
Acomputerisoftencalleda“thinkingmachine,”andinmanywaysitisjustthat.Computersperformdifficultandtimesavingmathematicalcomputations,aswellasproblemsinlogicandreasoning.Inaddition,computersrunothermachinesandanswerquestions.Also,theyareusedtoguideastronautsontake-off.
比较或反差
ComparisonorContrast
比较类like,likewise,as,similarly,atthesametime,
aswellas,both,all,
incomparison,
反差类ontheotherhand,
incontrast,despite,
nevertheless,yet,instead,
rather,notwithstanding,
though,regardless,unlike,
although,eventhough,
whereasbut,inspiteof,
onthecontrary,however,
说话人想说出一个与之前的观点相同,不甚相同甚至是相反的观点:
Thesexoftheinstructoraffectedtheextentofactivestudentparticipation.Inclassestaughtbymenwithroughlyequalproportionsofmaleandfemalestudents,malestudentswereresponsibleforabout75%ofallclassdiscussion.Similarly,withwomenasinstructors,femalestudentparticipationrosefrom25%to42%;incontrast,maleparticipationslippedfrom75%to58%.
强调
Emphasis
importanttonote,
most,aboveall,
especiallyvaluable,
acentralissue,
especiallyrelevant,
shouldbenoted,
themostsubstantialissue,
rememberthat,amajorevent,
theprincipalitem,
payparticularattentionto,
thechieffactor,mostofall,
asignificantfactor,
aprimaryconcern,
akeyfeature,themainvalue
说话人想说出最重要最核心的内容,说话人用这些词引起听众的注意:
Althoughtheresourcesofourworldarelimited,thewantsofpeoplearenot.Indeed,oneofthemostimportantassumptionsofeconomicsisthatthetotalhumanwantscanneverbesatisfied.Nomatterhowmuchwehave,weseemtowantmore.Aspeople'sincomeincrease,sodoestheirdesireformoreandbettergoodsandservices.
因果
Cause-Effect
because,accordingly,
forthisreason,hence,
resulting,asaresult,
so,then,thus,therefore,
since,consequently
说话人欲表现两个或多个事物之间的联系,尤其是它们之间的因果关系:
Atherosclerosisistheresultofthebuildupoffat,fibrin,partsofdeadcells,andcalciumontheinsideofthearteries.Nooneknowswhatcausesthisdisease,butanumberofthingscanspeeditsdevelopment.Theseincludesmokingcigarettesandeatinganimalfatandcholesterol.Othersincludeage,hypertension,diabetes,stress,heredity,andsex(maleshavemoreheartattacks).
总结
Summary
thus,inshort,toconclude,
inbrief,intheend,
insummary,toreiterate,
inconclusion,tosumup,
finally,therefore,thus,
asalreadystated
说话人欲复述或总结之前的话语:
Euthanasiaisdefinedasmercykilling,eitherbythesickpeoplethemselvesorbytheirrelativesorclosefriends.Onecontroversialdoctorisastrongproponentofthisact:
Dr.JackKrevorkian.Dr.Krevorkianhaspubliclyadmittedtogivingassistancetopeoplewhohavecommittedsuicide.Asaresult,hehasbeencalledasaintbysome,amurdererbyothers.
定义
Definition
define,isdefinedas,
knownas,thatis,
thetermmeans,wemean,
wecanstate,wereferto
说话人欲给术语下定义:
Ourcountryhasbeenobsessedwithyouthforfartoomanyyears.Agehasbeendefinedonlyasadeclinefromapeakofyouth.Ageisafateworsethandeath.Negativestereotypesofolderpeoplearereinforceddailyinthepopularmedia,whichcontainveryfewexamplesofanyone60orolderdoinganythingactiveordynamicinsociety.
*信号词识别练习
为了让大家具有迅速识别信号词的能力,提供以下两则练习,大家做这两则练习时关键要在尽量短的时间内完成。
将下表中的信号词添人适当的横线中
forexampledifferconsequently
thereforealikemostsignificant
moreoverasaresulthowever
mostimportantinadditionsuchas
butforexamplesimilarly
alsojustasespeciallyvaluable
Emphasis____________________________________________________________
Addition(Continuation)_________________________________________________
Comparison__________________________________________________________
Contrast_____________________________________________________________
Illustration(E
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 经典 如何 托福 口语 考试 笔记
![提示](https://static.bdocx.com/images/bang_tan.gif)