海明威中的硬汉形象.docx
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海明威中的硬汉形象.docx
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海明威中的硬汉形象
CHAPTERⅠINTRODUCTION
HemingwayisarenownedAmericanauthoroftheTwentiethcenturywhocentershisnovelsonpersonalexperiencesandaffections.Heisoneoftheauthorsnamed"TheLostGeneration".TheFirstandtheSecondWorldWarshaveaffectedHemingwayalot,hehasoncejoinedthearmyandinjuredinItaly,andhesufferedalotthatwasbroughtaboutbythewardeeply.Inthechildhood,influencedbyhisfather,Hemingwaywasinterestedinmusic,pictures,hunting,fishingandthehiking.Gradually,hechangedhisattitudetowardswarandlife.Whathecouldnotcopewithisthepost-warAmerica,andthereforeheintroducedanewtypeofcharacterinwritingcalledthe"codehero".ThepurposeofthepaperistoexplorethethemeofthecodeherocreatedbyHemingwayandanalyzethemaincharacteristicsofthecodeheroinhisthreemasterpieces:
TheSunAlsoRises,ForWhomtheBellsTolls,theOldManandtheSea.Thesignificanceofthispaperistotalkabouttheinfluencesofthespiritofcodeherotoourmodernpeople,andwithaviewtohelpreadersgetabetterunderstandingofErnestHemingway’smasterpieces.
Thispapercanbedividedintosixparts.Thefirstpartisthebriefintroduction,thesecondpartistheliteraturereview,thethirdandfourthparttalksaboutHemingwayandcodeheroes,andanalyzehismainworksandhistoricalbackground.Thefifthpartstudiesthesignificanceofthespiritofcodeheroinourdailylife.Thelastpartfocusesonthesummaryofthispaper.
CHAPTERⅡLITERATUREREVIEW
2.1DomesticResearchSituation
Domesticcriticsusetheword“tough-guy”todescribeHemingway.Suchas,ZhaoJiaBiused“hardhearted”conceptinhispaperresearchonHemingway(1935);AfterDongHengXunusingtheconceptof“codehero”inhispaperabriefanalysisofHemingway(1962),fromthenon“codehero”iswidelyused,anditwasregardedasthecharacterofhero.
DongHengXunalsosaid“codehero”means“someoneisunyieldingman”.Thisreferstoaman,whokeepsstrivingwhenhefacesthefailureanddangereventhedeath,maintainingthedignityoftheindividual’slonelyman(DongHengxun,135)
2.2OverseasResearchSituation
StanteyCoopermanconsiderstheoldManandtheSea“apoemofreconciliationtothemeaningandnatureofage”,maintainingthatHemingwayfailstoviewoldageinanyothertermsbutthroughthevaluesofpride,sacrifice,andenduranceandasahardeningratherthanasofteningofthequalitiesfoundinyouth(Hemingway,1965).
ThescholarAndersHallengrenwritesthatbecauseHemingwaylearnedfromPoundto"distrustadjectives,"hecreatedastyle"inaccordancewiththeestheticsandethicsofraisingtheemotionaltemperaturetowardsthelevelofuniversaltruthbyshuttingthedooronsentiment,onthesubjective."(Hallengren,Anders,2011).
CHAPTERⅢHEMINGWAYANDHISMAINWORKS
3.1ABriefIntroductionofHemingway
ErnestHemingway (1898-1961),borninOakPark,Illinois,startedhiscareerasawriterinanewspaperofficeinKansasCityattheageofseventeen.AftertheUnitedStatesenteredtheFirstWorldWar,hejoinedavolunteerambulanceunitintheItalianarmy.Servingatthefront,hewaswounded,wasdecoratedbytheItalianGovernment,andspentconsiderabletimeinhospitals.Hewaswoundedmanytimesandexperiencedatleast12operationswhichtookout237steelfragments.Allthesedidn’tdefeatHemingway.Stillheindulgedhimselfinfishinghuntingandbull-fightingfromwhichhepursuedthrillingscenesandenjoyedhimselfinfighting.Hemingwaysufferedmuchillnessandinjuryandhecommittedsuicideatlast.Buthissuicidecannotshowhewastimidandpessimistic.Onthecontrary,hesetuponimageofbraverbecauseheregardedhisillnessandinjuryashis“enemy”suchasthenature.Heusedhislifeasaweaponinordertogetridofhis“enemy”hewouldratherchoosetodie.Heandhis“enemy”endedincommonruin.AfterhisreturntotheUnitedStates,hebecameareporterforCanadianandAmericannewspapersandwassoonsentbacktoEuropetocoversucheventsastheGreekRevolution.Hewasanovelistandshortstorywriterwhobecameoneofthebest-knownAmericanauthorsinhiscentury.HewasregardedasagiantbothinAmericanliteratureandtheworldliterature.Forthestyleoflivingasanadultandthefactthathisbooksaboundinsportstermsarepartlytraceabletohisearlylifethatheintroducedanewtypeofcharacterinwritingcalledthe“CodeHero”.Hisvarietyofinterest,especiallytheloveoffishingextremelyaffectedallhislifeandhedrewmuchwritinginspirationfromhisfishingexperiences.Inhisnovelsthecodeheroeswhostrugglewiththemixtureoftheirtragicfaultsandthesurroundingenvironment.Moreover,Hemingway’screationnotonlyoriginatedfromlife,truetolifebutsuperiortolife.Hemingwayisarealismwriterconsequentlycopiedsomethingmechanically.Duringthetwenties,HemingwaybecameamemberofthegroupofexpatriateAmericansinParis,whichhedescribedinhisfirstimportantwork, TheSunAlsoRises (1926).HemingwayusedhisexperiencesasareporterduringthecivilwarinSpainasthebackgroundforhismostambitiousnovel, ForWhomtheBellTolls (1940).Amonghislaterworks,themostoutstandingistheshortnovel, TheOldManandtheSea (1952),thestoryofanoldfisherman'sjourney,hislongandlonelystrugglewithafishandthesea,andhisvictoryindefeat.
InHemingway’snearlysixty-twoyears’literarycareer,hehadbeentryinghardtogethisstyleof“icebergtheory”.Hedidn’tlayspecialemphasisbyhisinnerbeauty.AccordingtoHemingway,goodliterarywritingshouldbeabletomakereadersfeeltheemotionofthecharactersdirectlyandthebestwaytoproducetheeffectistosetdownexactlyeveryparticularkindoffeelingwithoutauthorialcomments,withoutconventionallyemotivelanguage,andwithabareminimumofadjectivesandadverbs,seeminglysimpleandnatural.ManypeoplebelievethatthenovelisaboutthelifeofHemingwayhimself.BecausesomepartsofthestorydorelatetowhatHemingwayhasexperiencedinhislife.In1953,ErnestHemingwayreceivesthePulitzerPrizefortheoldandthesea.
3.2ThePlotofTheSunAlsoRise
The protagonistof TheSunAlsoRises isJakeBarnes,anexpatriateAmericanjournalistlivinginParis.Jakesuffereda warwoundthatlefthimimpotent;thenatureofhisinjuryisnotexplicitlydescribed.HeisinlovewithLadyBrettAshley,atwice-divorcedEnglishwoman.Brett,withher bobbedhairandnumerousloveaffairs,embodiesthenewsexualfreedomofthe1920s.
TheBookOneissetinthe coffeesociety ofParis.Intheopeningscenes,JakeplaystenniswithhiscollegefriendRobertCohn,andmetBrett.Later,BretttellsJakesheloveshim,buttheybothknowthattheyhavenochanceatastablerelationship.
InBookTwo,JakeisjoinedbyBillGorton,recentlyarrivedfromNewYork,andBrett'sfiancéMikeCampbell,whoarrivesfromScotland.JakeandBilltravelsouthandmeetRobertCohnat Bayonne forafishingtripinthehillsnortheastof Pamplona.Insteadoffishing,CohnstaysinPamplonatowaitfortheoverdueBrettandMike.CohnhadanaffairwithBrettafewweeksearlierandstillfeelspossessiveofherdespiteherengagementtoMike.TheyrejointhegroupinPamplonawheretheybegintodrinkheavily.Cohn'spresenceisincreasinglyresentedbytheothers,whotaunthimwith anti-semiticremarks.Duringthefiestathecharactersdrink,eat,watchthe runningofthebullsattendbullfights,andbickerwitheachother.JakeintroducesBretttothe19-year-oldmatadorRomeroattheHotelMontoya;sheissmittenwithhimandseduceshim.Thejealoustensionamongthemenbuilds—Jake,Campbell,Cohn,andRomeroeachloveBrett.Cohn,whohadbeenachampionboxerincollege,hasfistfightswithJake,Mike,andRomero,whomhebeatsup.Despitehisinjuries,Romerocontinuestoperformbrilliantlyinthebullring.
BookThreeshowsthecharactersintheaftermathofthefiesta.Soberagain,theyleavePamplona;BillreturnstoParis,MikestaysinBayonne,andJakegoestoSanSebastiáninnortheasternSpain.AsJakeisabouttoreturntoParis,hereceivesa telegramfromBrettaskingforhelp;shehadgoneto Madrid withRomero.Hefindsherthereinacheaphotel,withoutmoney,andwithoutRomero.SheannouncesshehasdecidedtogobacktoMike.ThenovelendswithJakeandBrettinataxispeakingofthethingsthatmighthavebeen.
3.3ThePlotofForWhomtheBellTolls
Thisnovelistoldprimarilythroughthethoughtsandexperiencesoftheprotagonist,RobertJordan.ThecharacterwasinspiredbyHemingway'sownexperiencesintheSpanishCivilWarasareporterfortheNorthAmericanNewspaperAlliance.RobertJordanisanAmericanintheInternationalBrigadeswhotravelstoSpaintoopposethe fascistforcesof FranciscoFranco.Asanexperienceddynamiter,hewasorderedbyacommunistRussiangeneraltotravelbehindenemylinesanddestroyabridgewiththeaidofabandoflocalantifascist guerrillas,inordertopreventenemytroopsfrombeingabletorespondtoanupcomingoffensive.(TheSovietUnionaidedandadvisedtheRepublicansagainstthefascistsintheSpanishCivilWar.Similarly,Hitler'sNazisandMussolini'sItalyprovidedFrancowithmilitaryaid.)Intheircamp,RobertJordanencountersMaría,ayoungSpanishwomanwhoselifehadbeenshatteredbytheexecutionofherparentsandherrapeatthehandsofthefalangis(partofthefascistcoalition)attheoutbreakofthewar.HisstrongsenseofdutyclasheswithbothguerrillaleaderPablo'sunwillingnesstocommittoanoperationthatwouldendangerhimselfandhisband,andhisnewfoundlustforlifewhicharisesoutofhis
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