考研英语真题与答案完整版.docx
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考研英语真题与答案完整版.docx
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考研英语真题与答案完整版
2012年考研英语真题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark
A,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark
A,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissue
recently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justices
behavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_the
court’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.
JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindof
activitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartial
judgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Atthe
veryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherest
ofthefederaljudiciary.
Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_between
thecourtandpolitics.
TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrom
politics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_those
inpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedto
setlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.
Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamental
social_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,
thelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideological
linesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.
Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_
tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrom
politicsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.
1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize
2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless
3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated
4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted
5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded
6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone
7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies
8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle
9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict
10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards
11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though
12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace
13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer
14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied
15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions
16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls
17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted
18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore
19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable
20.[A]byallmeans[B]atollcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresult
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,
B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Comeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalf
forcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusually
leadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,Tina
Rosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecalls
thesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamics
tohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.
Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocial
cureinaction:
InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRage
AgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-prevention
initiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.
Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueof
thelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:
theyfailtomobilizepeer
pressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingof
psychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!
”pleadsonebillboardcampaign
aimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfitting
in.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefrom
advertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.
Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.
JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationof
thesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaring
flawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellfor
verylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.Evidencethatthe
LoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.
There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.An
emergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegative
ones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleform
ofpeerpressure:
weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.
Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselect
ourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacher
whobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behaved
classmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcure
engineeredfromtheoutside:
intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingour
ownfriends.
21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas
[A]asupplementtothesocialcure
[B]astimulustogroupdynamics
[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress
[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors
22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould
[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers
[B]learnfromadvertisers’experience
[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers
[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements
23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto
[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors
[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure
[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding
[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect
24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors
[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends
[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies
[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit
[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits
25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis
[A]harmful
[B]desirable
[C]profound
[D]questionable
Text2
Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajor
energysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenit
announceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclear
regulations.
Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot
challengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofa
desperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunning
move.
Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’s
onlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstate
approvalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorsto
operatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextension
oftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,the
companywentalong.
EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimply
didn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartial
collapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,
raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–
especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.Enragedby
Entergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowingan
extension.
Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseof
the2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerover
nuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:
whereastheSupremeCourthas
ruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholars
saythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.
Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresult
ifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbe
besidethepoint.
ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadyso
damagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshould
beconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11
otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.
PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeep
itopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthe
company’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.
26.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaningto
[A]condemning.
[B]reaffirming.
[C]dishonoring.
[D]securing.
27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto
[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.
[B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.
[C]acquireanextensionofi
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