体态语的中西文化内涵.docx
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体态语的中西文化内涵.docx
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体态语的中西文化内涵
体态语的中西文化内涵
体态语的中西文化内涵
摘要:
体态语是人类交际中最常见的一种非语言交际手段,在特定情况下比有声语言和文字语言更富具有表现力。
对它的研究,可以追溯至亚里士多德,但从达尔文开始才有这方面正式的研究。
体态语的定义和分类,历来也有争议。
一般来说,体态语主要指面部表情,身体动作和其他任何出自身体部位的姿势。
体态语在交际中起重要作用,它主要有五种功能,其中包括象征、补充、指示、调节和否定功能等。
此外,体态语在跨文化交际也起重要作用。
随着跨文化交际的日益频繁,中西“两方”交际也呈渐多之势,两方体态语的文化差异已是交际的主要障碍之一。
正文概述了国内外体态语及体态语文化差异研究现状,同时从精神或观念性差异,制度性差异,物质性差异三个方面对中西体态语的文化差异进行了分类。
创新之处在于将“中西体态语的文化差异”的研究归类于各自“主导文化”差异的“精神或观念性差异”;“制度性差异”和“物质性差异”三个层面中之中。
在形成差异的三个方面因素中,精神或观念性因素是形成中西体态语文化差异的“内在因素”,制度性因素是形成中西体态语的文化差异的“外在驱力”,而物质性差异则是中西体态语文化差异的重要表现及其形成的重要条件。
提出研究体态语文化差异的原则,对理解体态语所属语言国主流文化的价值观念、道德风尚、风俗习惯、历史背景、思维方式等多种文化内涵具有一定帮助。
同时帮助人们减少或避免在跨文化交际中因体态语的文化差异而引起的误解。
关键词:
体态语;功能;文化差异
TheChineseandWesternCulturalConnotations
ofBodyLanguage
Abstract:
Bodylanguageisoneofthecommonnon-verbalcommunicativedevicesandincertaincircumstances,itismoreeffectiveinexpressingone''semotionsthanspokenandwrittenlanguage.IthasbeenstudiedasearlyasAristotletimes,butonlyfromDarwindidpeoplebegintheformalstudiesonthissubject.Asforthedefinitionandclassificationofbodylanguage,thereareconsiderableopinions.Generallyspeaking,bodylanguagereferstothoseoffacialexpressions,bodyactions,andothergesturesmadebyanypartofman’sbody.Bodylanguagefunctionssignificantlyincommunications.Thefunctionsofbodylanguageincludesymbolicfunction、complementingfunction、indicatingfunction、regulatingfunctionandnegativefunction.Italsogivessignificanceofbodylanguagesininterculturalcommunication.
Withthedevelopmentofinterculturalcommunication,thecontactsbetweentheChineseandtheWesternareontheincrease,andthedifferencesbetweenbodylanguagehavebeenamongthemajorbarrierstoefficientcommunication.ThepresentpapermakesacontrastivestudyonculturaldifferencesofbodylanguagesbetweenChineseandWesterncountriesaremade.Italsoclassifiesthedifferencesofthebodylanguagebetweenthetwolanguagesintospiritual,institutionalandmaterialdifferences.
TheoriginalityplaceliesintheclassificationoftheculturaldifferencesofbodylanguagesofChinaandWesterncountriesinthreelevels:
spiritual,institutionalandmaterial.Spiritualfactorsarethemaininternalcausesoftheculturaldifferencesofthebodylanguages,theinstitutionalfactorsaretheexternaldrivetotheformationoftheculturaldifferencesofthebodylanguagesandthebodymaterialfactorsaretheimportantconditionsofformingtheirdifferences.
Thestudyoftheprinciplesoftheculturaldifferencesofbodylanguageisconductivetotheunderstandingofthevaluesystem,moralstandard,customs,historicalbackgroundandmodeofthinkingofanation.Thinkingofanation,whichmighthelppeoplereduceoravoidmisunderstandingduetoculturaldifferencesofbodylanguageininterculturalcommunication.
Keywords:
bodylanguage,function,culturaldifferences
Introduction
Bodylanguages,asimportantpartsofnonverbalcommunication,includesgestures,facialexpressions,posture,eyecontact,touch,bodymovements,etc.Therearesimilaritiesbetweenbodylanguagesindifferentcultures,butmostofthebodylanguagesvaryculturally.Withthedevelopmentofinterculturalcommunication,thecontactsbetweentheChineseandtheWesternpeopleareontheincrease,andthedifferencesbetweenbodylanguageshavebeenamongthemajorbarrierstoefficientcommunication.
ThestudyonbodylanguagehasstartedmainlyafterWordWarII.Howeverbeforethe20thcentury,Darwin,inhisfamousbookTheExpressionoftheEmotioninManandAnimals,alreadymentionedthis.Ithasmadegreatinfluenceandsignificancesonthestudyofmodernnonverbalcommunication.Inthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,thestudyinthisfieldhasn''tbeenformedsystematically,andstudiesatthattimeonlyfocusedonsomeindividualaspects,suchassound,appearance,clothingandfacialexpressions.Inthatperiod,themostinfluentialworksincludeKretschmer''sPhysiqueandCharacter,theVariationofHumanPhysique,andthelastoneisGestureandEnvironmentbyEfronin1941.Inthe1950''snonverbalcommunicationmadeabreakthroughdevelopment.Birdwhistell''sIntroductiontoKinesicsandHall''sTheSilentLanguagecanbeseenasthefoundationstone.Inthe1960''s,thestudywastakenwithfurtherstep,andbeganthestudiesonman''sdifferentgestures.DuringthisperiodEkmanandFriesencontributedthemost.Theywrotearticlesaboutthecause,useanddecodingofnonverbalcommunications.Therewerealotofresearchpapersandworkspublishedinthe1970''s.Onedistinguishingbookthatcan''tbeignoredisBodyLanguagebyFast.Sincethe1980''s,thestudyonbodylanguagehasfurtherdeveloped,andsomecontrastiveanalysisinthisfieldhasbeencarriedout,suchastheeffortmadebyBiJiwan.HetranslatedthebookContrastiveAnalysisofBodyLanguageCommunicationbetweenChinaandEnglish-speakingCountries,whichcomprehensivelyintroducesthedifferentusesofbodylanguageindifferentcountries.[7]
Scholarsathomehavealsocontributedalot.InChinathescientificstudyofbodylanguageonlybeganattheendof1982''s.TherepresentativeworksareIntroductiontoBodyLanguagebyGengErling(1988),LanguageandCulturebyDengYanchangandLiuRunqing(1989),PracticalBodyLanguageeditedbyFanYunhuaandLiJiequn(1991),InternationalcommunicationbyJiaYuxin(1997),InterculturalNonverbalCommunicationBiJiwan(1999),andtheseriesofbooksoninterculturalcommunicationeditedandtranslatedbyHuWenzhongsuchasIntroductiontointerculturalcommunication(1999),etc..Generallyspeaking,theChinesescholars''studiesonbodylanguagesconsistoftwoparts:
communicativefunctionsandculturaldifferences.Onthebasicofforeignscholars''researchesChinesescholarshaveaddedmorespecificandconvincingexamplesfromChineseculture.
Judgingfromwhatismentionedabove,wecanseethatculturaldifferencesofbodylanguage,asbarrierstointerculturalcommunication,havealreadybeendrawnanincreasingattentionbyscholars.
Butthepreviousstudiesonbodylanguageareeitherfoundinthestudiesofinterculturalcommunicationandnonverbalcommunication,whichonlyconsistofseveralparagraphsorpagesandarefarfromdetailedstudies,ortheyjustmakebriefcomparisonsofbodybehaviorsinmanydifferentcultureswithdiscreteexamples,whicharenotsystematic.Untilnow,therehasbeennoresearchdoneontheChineseandWesternculturalconnotationsofbodylanguage.
Onthebasicofthepreviousstudiesandachievements,thispaperfirstfocusesacomparativestudyofculturaldifferencesofbodylanguagebetweenChineseandWesterncountries.Withtherapiddevelopmentoftheworldeconomy,political,economicandculturalinterchangebetweenchinaandwesterncountriesisbecomingincreasinglyfrequent.Suchbeingthecase,thecontactsbetweenChinesepeopleandforeigners,especiallypeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountries,areincreasing.Incommunicationpeopleareencounteringmorebarrierscausedbyculturaldifferences,includingtheculturaldifferencesofbodylanguages。
Thepaperthenclassifiesculturaldifferencesofbodylanguagesofeachmainculturalintothreestrata:
spiritualstratum,institutionalstratumandmaterial.Itsauthorthinksthatthestudyofculturaldifferencescanbeconductedattwolevels:
atthefirstlevelthestudyisfocusedonphenomenon(differencesthemselves);atthesecondlevel,onthecausesofdifferenceswhicharedeeplyrootedinculture.Theformertellsuswhatisdifferent,whilethelattertelluswhytherearesuchdifferences.Thispaperisjustanattempttomakeastudyofculturaldifferencesofbodylanguageatthesecondlevelthroughanewclassification,which,itsauthorthinks,canhelpitsreadersbetterunderstandthecultureofastudiedlanguage.
1.TheDefinitionofBodyLanguage
Aboutthedefinitionofbodylanguage,manywesternscholarshaveproposedalot.FirstIwilllistoutsomeofthemtohelpmakeaclearunderstandingaboutwhatlanguageis.“Bodylanguageisnotconveyedthroughwords.Itisakindofman''ssocialattributesandbehavior.Whichareissuedbythedeliverer,andreceivedbythereceivedpurposely.”(Burgoonandsaine,1978)TheChinesefamousscholar,ChenWangdaooncegavebodylanguagethefollowingdefinition,“theactionofstrikingaposeisbodylanguage,whichisatoolforcommunication.”[2]
Bodylanguage,strictlyspeaking,canbedividedintotwokinds.Onekindincludesgestures,bodymovements,signsandpostures,etc.Theotheriscalledkinesics.KinesicsisawordmadeupbyBirdwhistell,whichreferstothesubjectstudyingbodylanguage.Sometimesbodylanguageisequatedwithbodylanguage.InWebster''sNewDictionary,kinesicsisdefinedas“tosystematicallystudynonverbalbodyactions(suchasblush,eyemovements,etc.)andcommunications.”Samovaroncesayskinesicsisthesystematicstudyofbodymovementsandactions,andthroughthestudy,makestheseactionsandbehaviorsformalizingandencoding.FastinhisbookBodyLanguagesaysthatspaceandorientation,andseatingarrangementarealsopartsofbodylanguage.[1]ThethirdeditionofWebster’sNewWorldDictionarydefinesbodylanguageas“gestures,unconsciousbodilymovements,facialexpression,etc,whichserveasnonverbalcommunicationorasaccompanimentstospeech.”CollinsCOBUILDEnglishlanguageDictionarygivesthefollowingdefinition,“alsospelledwithahyphen.Bodylanguageisthewayinwhichyoushowyourfeelingsorthoughtstootherpeoplebymeansofthepositionormovementofyourbodyratherthanwords.”
Generally,bodylanguagereferstothoseappearancesandactionstransmittingcommunicationinformat
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- 关 键 词:
- 体态语 中西文化 内涵