职称英语第六部分 完形填空.docx
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职称英语第六部分 完形填空.docx
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职称英语第六部分完形填空
第六部分完形填空
第二篇AvalancheandItsSafety
Anavalanchesisasuddenandrapidflowofsnow,oftenmixedwithairandwater,downamountainside.Avalanchesareamongthebiggestdangersinthemountainsforbothlifeandproperty.
Allavalanchescausedbyanover-burdenofmaterial,typicallysnowpack,thatistoomassiveandunstablefortheslopethatsupportsit.Determiningthecriticalload,theamountofover-burdenwhichislikelytocauseanavalanche,isacomplextaskinvolvingtheevaluationofanumberoffactors.
Terrainslopesflatterthan25degreesorsteeperthan60degreestypicallyhavealowriskofavalanche.Snowdoesnotgathersignificantlyonsteepslopes.Also,snowdoesnotfloweasilyonflatslopes.human-triggeredavalancheshavethegreatestincidencewhenthesnow’sangleofrestisbetween35and45degeers;thecriticalangle,theangleatwhichthehumanincidenceofavalanchesisgreatest,is38degeers.theruleofthumbis:
Aslopethatisflatregardlessoftheangle.Additionally,avalanches]riskincreaseswithuse;thatis,themoreaslopeisdisturbedbyskies,themorelikelyitisthatanavalancheswilloccur.
Duetothecomplexityofthesubject,wintertravellinginthebackcountryisnever100%safe.Goodavalanchesafetyisacontinuousprocess,includingrouteselectionandexaminationofthesnowpack,weatherconditions,andhumanfactors.Severalwell-knowngoodhabitscanalsoreducetherisk.Iflocalauthoritiesissueavalancheriskreports,theyshouldbeconsideredandallwarningsshouldbepaidattentionto.Neverfollowinthetracksofotherswithoutyourownevaluation;snowconditionsarealmostcertaintohavechangedsincetheyweremade.Observetheterrainandnoteobviousavalanchepathswhereplantsaremissingordamaged.Avoidtravelingbelowotherswhomighttriggeranavalanche.
第四篇Animal’s“SixthSense”
AtsunamiwastriggeredbyanearthquakeintheIndianOceaninDecember,2004.ItkilledtensofthousandsofpeopleinAsiaandEastAfrica.Wildanimals,however,seemtohaveescapedthatterribletsunami.Thisphenomenonaddsweighttonotionsthattheypossessa“sixthsense”fordisasters,expertssaid.
SriLankanwildlifeofficialshavesaidthegiantwavesthatkilledover24000peoplealongtheIndianOceanisland’scoastclearlymissedwildbeasts,withnodeadanimalsfound.
“Noelephantsaredead,notevenadeadrabbit.Ithinkanimalcansensedisaster.Theyhaveasixthsense.Theyknowwhenthinkarehappening,”H.D.Ratnayake,thewaveswashedfloodwaterupto2milesinlandatYalaNationalParkintheravagedsoutheast,SirLanka’sbiggestwildlifereserveandhometohundredsofwildelephantsandseveralleopards.
“Therehasbeenalotofapparentevidenceaboutdogsbarkingorbirdsmigratingbeforevolcaniceruptionsorearthquakes.Buthasnotbeenproven,”saidMatthewvanLierop,ananimalbehaviorspecialistatJohannesburgZoo.
“Therehavebeennospecificstudiesbecauseyoucan’treallytestitinalaborfieldsetting,”hetoldReuters.Otherauthoritiesconcurredwiththisassessment.
“Wildlifeseemtobeabletopickupcertainphenomenon,especiallybirds...theyaremanyreportsofbirdsdetectingimpendingdisaster,”saidCliveWalker,whohaswrittenseveralbooksonAfricanwildlife.
Animalcertainlyrelyontheknownsensessuchassmallorhearingtoavoiddangersuchaspredators.
Thenotionofananimal“sixthsense“-orsomeothermythicalpower–isanenduringonewhichtheevidenceonsirLanka’sravagedcoastislikelytoaddto.
TheRomanssawowlsasomensofimpendingdisasterandmanyancientculturesviewedelephantsassacredanimalendowedwithspecialpowerorattributes.
第七篇AnIntelligentCar
Drivingneedssharpeyes,keenears,quickbrain,andcoordinationbetweenhandsandthebrain.Manyhumandrivershavealltheseandcancontrolafast-movingcar.Buthowdoesanintelligentcarcontrolitself?
Thereisavirtualdriverinthesmartcar.Thisvirtualdriverhas“eyes”,“brains”,“hands”and“feet”,too.Theminicamerasoneachsideofthecararehis“eyes”,whichobserbetheroadconditionsaheadofit.Theywatchthetraffictothecar’sleftandright.Thereisalsoahighlyautomaticdrivingsysteminthecar.Itisthebuilt-incomputer,whichisthevirtualdriver’s“brain”.His“brain”calculatesthespeedsofothermovingcarsnearitandanalyzestheirpositions.Basingonthisinformation,itchoosestherightpathfortheintelligentcar,andgivesinstructionstothe“hands”and“feet”toactaccordingly.Inthisway,thevirtualdrivercontrolshiscar.
Whatisthevirtualdriver’sbestadvantage?
Hereactsquickly.Theminicamerasaresendingimagescontinuouslytothe“brain”.Itcompletestheprocessingoftheimageswithin100milliseconds.However,theworld’sbestdriveratleastneedsonesecondtoreact.Besides,whenhetakesaction,heneedsonemoresecond.
Thewirtualdriverisreallywonderful.Hecanreducetheaccidentrateconsiderablyonexpressways.Inthiscase,canwelethimhavethewheelatanytimeandinanyplace?
Expertswarnthatwecannotdothatjustyet.Hisabilitytorecognizethingsisstilllimited.Hecannowonlydriveanintelligentcaronexpressways.
第八篇ABiologicalClock
Everylivingthinghaswhatscientistscallabiologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior.Thebiologicalclocktellsplantswhentoformflowersandwhentheflowersshouldopen.Ittellsinsectswhentoleavetheprotectivecocoonsandflyaway,andittellsanimalsandhumanbeingswhentoeat,sleepandwake.
Eventsoutsidetheplantandanimalaffecttheactionsofsomebiologicalclocks.Scientistsrecentlyfound,forexample,thatatinyanimalchangesthecolorofitsfurbecauseofthenumberofhoursofdaylight.Intheshortdaysofwinter,itsfurbecomeswhite.Thefurbecomesgraybrownincolorinthelongerhoursofdaylightinsummer.
Innersignalscontrolotherbiologicalclocks.Germanscientistsfoundthatsomekindofinternalclockseemstoorderbirdstobegintheirlongmigrationflighttwiceeachyear.Birdspreventedfromflyingbecomerestlesswhenitistimeforthetrip,buttheybecomecalmagainwhenthetimeoftheflighthasended.
Scientistssaytheyarebeginningtolearnwhichpartsofthebraincontainbiologicalclocks.AnAmericanresearcher,MartinMoorhead,saidasmallgroupofcellsnearthefrontofthebrainseemstocontrolthetimingofsomeofouractions.Thesecellstellapersonwhentoawaken,whentosleepandwhentoseekfood.Scientistssaythereprobablyareotherbiologicalclockcellsthatcontrolotherbodyactivities.
Dr.Moorheadisstudyinghowourbiologicalclocksaffectthewaywedoourwork.Forexample,mostofushavegreatdifficultyifwemustoftenchangetodifferentworkhours.
Itcantakemanydaysforahumanbodytoacceptthemajorchangeinworkhours.Dr.Moorheadsaidindustrialofficialsshouldhaveabetterunderstandingofbiologicalclocksandhowtheyaffectworkers.Hesaidsuchunderstandingcouldcutsicknessandaccidentsatworkandwouldhelpincreaseafactory'sproduction.
第一篇CaptainCookArrowLegend
Itwasagreatlegendwhileitlasted,butDNAtestinghasfinallyendedatwo-century-oldstoryoftheHawaiianarrowcarvedformtheboneofBritishexporerCaptainJamesCookwhodiedintheSandwichIslandin1779.
“ThereisnoCookintheAustralianMuseum,”museumcollectionmanagerJudePhilipesaidnolongagoinannouncingtheDNAevidencethatthearrowwasnomadeofCook’sbone.Butwillnostopthemuseumfromcontinuingtodisplaythearrowinitsexhibition,“Uncovered:
TreasuresoftheAustralianMuseum,”whichdoesincludeafeathercapepresentedtoCookbyHawaiiaKingKalani’opu’uin1778.
CookwasoneofBritain,sgreatexporersandiscreditedwithdiscoveringthe“GreatSouthLand,”nowAustralia,in1770.HewasclubbedtodeathintheSandwichIsland,nowHawaii.
ThelegendofCook’sarrowbeganin1824whenHawaiiaKingKamehamehaonhisdeathbedgavethethearrowtoWilliawAdams,aLondonsurgeonandrelativeofCook’swife,sayingitwasmadeofCook’sboneafterthefatalfightwithislangers.
Inthe1980sthearrowwasgiventotheAustralianMuseumandthelegendcontinueduntilitcameface-to-facewithscince.
DNAtestingbyaboratoriesinAustraliaandNewZealandrevealedthearrowwasnotmadeofCook’sbonebutwasmorelikelymadeofanimalbone,saidPhilp.
However,Cook’sfansrefusetogiveuphopetheoneCooklegendwillprovetrueandthatpartofhisremainswillstillbeUncovered,astheysaythereisevidencenotallofCook’sbodywasburiedatseain1779.“Onthisoccasiontechnologyhaswon,”saidCliffThornton,presidentoftheCaptainCookSociety,inastatementfromBritain."ButIamsurethatoneofthesedays…oneoftheCooklegendswillprovetobetrueanditwillhappenoneday.”
第六篇CarThievesCouldBeStoppedRemotely
Speedingoffinastolencar,thethiefthinkshehasagreatcatch.Butheisinanatysurprise.Thecarisfittedwitharemoteimmobilizer,andaradiosignalformacontrolcentermilesawaywillensurethatoncethethiefswitchestheengineoff,hewillnotbeabletostartitagain.
Fornow,suchdevicesareonlyavailableforfleetsoftrucksandspecialistvehiclesusedonconstructionsites.Butremoteimmobilizationtechnologycouldsoonstarttotrickledowntoordinartcars,andshouldbeabailabletoordinarycarsintheUKintuomonths.
Theideagoeslikethis.Acontrolboxfittedtothecarincorporatesaminiaturecellphone,amicroprocessorandmemory,andaGPSsatellitepositioningreceiver.Ifthecarisstolen,acodedcellphonesignalwilltelltheunittoblockthevehicle’senginemanag
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