The Literature of American Romanticism.docx
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The Literature of American Romanticism.docx
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TheLiteratureofAmericanRomanticism
TheLiteratureofAmericanRomanticism
AmericanLiterature
Part3TheLiteratureofAmericanRomanticism
Section1EarlyRomanticPeriodWhatisRomanticism?
AnapproachfromancientGreek:
PlatoAliterarytrend:
18cinBritain(1798~1832)
I.Preview:
Characteristicsofromanticism1.subjectivity
(1)feelingandemotions,findingtruth
(2)emphasisonimagination(3)emphasisonindividualism–personalfreedom,noheroworship,naturalgoodnessofhumanbeings2.backtomedieval,esp.medievalfolkliterature
(1)unrestrainedbyclassicalrules
(2)fullofimagination(3)colloquiallanguage(4)freedomofimagination(5)genuineinfeeling3.backtonaturenatureis“breathinglivingthing”(Rousseau)
II.AmericanRomanticism1.Background
(1)Politicalbackgroundandeconomicdevelopment
(2)RomanticmovementinEuropeancountriesDerivative–foreigninfluence2.features
(1)Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperienceandcontained“analienquality”forthesimplereasonthat“thespiritoftheplace”wasradicallynewandalien.
(2)ThereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.Americanromanticauthorstendedmoretomoralize.ManyAmericanromanticwritingsintendedtoedifymorethantheyentertained.(3)The“newness”ofAmericansasanationisinconnectionwithAmericanRomanticism.(4)Asalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactorsatwork,Americanromanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.
III.WashingtonIrving1.severalnamesattachedtoIrving
(1)firstAmericanwriter
(2)themessengersentfromthenewworldtotheoldworld(3)fatherofAmericanliterature
2.life3.works
(1)AHistoryofNewYorkfromtheBeginningoftheWorldtotheEndoftheDutchDynasty
(2)TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent.(Hewonameasureofinternationalrecognitionwiththepublicationofthis.)(3)TheHistoryoftheLifeandVoyagesofChristopherColumbus(4)AChronicleoftheConquestofGranada(5)TheAlhambra
4.Literarycareer:
twoparts
(1)1809~1832a.SubjectsareeitherEnglishorEuropeanb.Conservativelovefortheantique
(2)1832~1859:
backtoUS
5.style–beautiful
(1)gentility,urbanity,pleasantness
(2)avoidingmoralizing–amusingandentertaining(3)envelopingstoriesinanatmosphere(4)vividandtruecharacters(5)humour–smilingwhilereading(6)musicallanguage
IV.JamesFenimoreCooper1.life2.works
(1)Precaution(1820,hisfirstnovel,imitatingAusten’sPrideandPrejudice)
(2)TheSpy(hissecondnovelandgreatsuccess)(3)LeatherstockingTales(hismasterpiece,aseriesoffivenovels)TheDeerslayer,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePathfinder,ThePioneer,ThePrairie
3.pointofviewthethemeofwildernessvs.civilization,freedomvs.law,ordervs.change,aristocratvs.democrat,naturalrightsvs.legalrights
4.style
(1)highlyimaginative
(2)goodatinventingtales(3)goodatlandscapedescription(4)conservative(5)characterizationwoodenandlackinginprobability(6)languageanduseofdialectnotauthentic
5.literaryachievementsHecreatedamythabouttheformativeperiodoftheAmericannation.IfthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesis,inasense,theprocessoftheAmericansettlersexploringandpushingtheAmericanfrontierforeverwestward,thenCooper’sLeatherstockingTaleseffectivelyapproximatestheAmericannationalexperienceofadventureintotheWest.HeturnedthewestandfrontierasauseablepastandhehelpedtointroducewesterntraditiontoAmericanliterature.
Section2SummitofRomanticism–AmericanTranscendentalismI.Background:
foursources1.Unitarianism
(1)FatherhoodofGod
(2)Brotherhoodofmen(3)LeadershipofJesus(4)Salvationbycharacter(perfectionofone’scharacter)(5)Continuedprogressofmankind(6)Divinityofmankind(7)Depravityofmankind
2.RomanticIdealismCenteroftheworldisspirit,absolutespirit(Kant)3.OrientalmysticismCenteroftheworldis“oversoul”4.PuritanismEloquentexpressionintranscendentalism
II.Appearance1836,“Nature”byEmerson
III.Features:
1.spirit/oversoul2.importanceofindividualism3.nature–symbolofspirit/Godgarmentoftheoversoul4.focusinintuition(irrationalismandsubconsciousness)
IV.Influence:
1.Itservedasanethicalguidetolifeforayoungnationandbroughtabouttheideathathumancanbeperfectedbynature.Itstressedreligioustolerance,calledtothrowoffshacklesofcustomsandtraditionsandgoforwardtothedevelopmentofanewanddistinctlyAmericanculture.2.Itadvocatedidealismthatwasgreatneededinarapidlyexpandedeconomywhereopportunityoftenbecameopportunism,andthedesireto“geton”obscuredthemoralnecessityforrisingtospiritualheight.3.IthelpedtocreatethefirstAmericanrenaissance–oneofthemostprolificperiodinAmericanliterature.
V.RalphWaldoEmerson1.life
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