届英语专业论文论文正文参考模板Sample 4231.docx
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届英语专业论文论文正文参考模板Sample 4231.docx
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届英语专业论文论文正文参考模板Sample4231
湖南第一师范学院
毕业论文(设计)
题目(中文)
从亚文化角度分析美国俚语特征
(英文)
TheAnalysisofFeaturesofAmericanSlangfromSub-CulturalPerspective
学生姓名
吴雪平
学号
04b11040826
指导教师
胡启海
系(部)
外语系
专业班级
08级英语10班
完成时间
2013年5月
TheAnalysisofFeaturesofAmericanSlangfromSub-culturalPerspective
By
WUXueping
AThesisSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirements
fortheDegreeof
BACHELOROFARTS
DepartmentofForeignLanguage,
HUNANFIRSTNORMALUNIVERSITY
May,2013
毕业论文(设计)作者声明
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作者签名:
日期:
年月日
摘要
俚语是一种在非正式场合下使用非常广泛的口语形式。
它来源于美国社会的各亚文化群体,包括黑社会、流氓团伙、无业游民、同性恋者、吸毒者、妓女、赌徒囚犯,所以美国俚语都带着亚文化群体的烙印。
本文根据美国社会各亚文化群体所使用的语言特征来分析整个美国的俚语特征。
美国各亚文化群体丰富了美国俚语词汇,因此美国俚语词汇也保留了各亚文化群体特征。
通过比较和分析,美国俚语作为美国英语重要的组成部分,具有立意新奇、幽默生动、富有形象性、易于表达情感、言简意赅等特征。
关键词:
亚文化;美国俚语;俚语特征
I
Abstract
Slang,asahighlycolloquialform,iswidelyusedininformaloccasion.Americanslangoriginatesfromthesubculturegroups,includingjoblessvagrants,soldiers,sailors,detective,criminalsandetc.Therefore,Americanslangischaracterizedbysubculturegroups.ThispapertriestoanalyzethefeaturesofAmericanslangfromsub-culturalperspective.Americansub-culturalgroupshavedeveloped,enlargedandenrichedAmericanslangvocabulary.Asaresult,Americanslangtermsareleftwithdistinctsub-culturalfeatures.Bycomparingandanalyzing,asanimportantpartofAmericanEnglish,slangtermsarecharacterizedbyitscreativeness,humor,irony,expressiveness,liveliness,brevityandobscurity.
Keywords:
subculturegroups;Americanslang;features
II
CONTENTS
摘要I
AbstractII
Chapter1Introduction1
Chapter2AmericanSlangandAmericanSubculture4
2.1AmericanSlangasanInsightintoAmericanCulture4
2.2TheRelationshipBetweenEnglishSlangandStandardEnglish6
2.3TheRelationshipBetweenSlangandSubcultureGroups8
Chapter3SubcultureGroups’SlangandTheirFeatures10
3.1CollegeSlangandItsFeatures10
3.2CriminalSlangandItsFeatures13
3.3PoliticalSlangandItsFeatures15
3.4HomosexualSlangandItsFeatures17
Chapter4FeaturesofAmericanSlang19
4.1BrevityandLiveliness19
4.2NoveltyandFashion19
4.3HumorandIrony20
Chapter5Conclusion22
Bibliography24
Acknowledgements25
III
Chapter1Introduction
ItisestimatedthatthereareatleastsixhundredthousandEnglishwords,fifteenthousandofwhichareslang.AccordingtoFowler,H.W,“ThewordsknownbutnotfrequentlyusedbyAmericanandEnglishpeopleareabouttentotwentythousand.Twothousandofthemareslangwordsaccountingfor10%”(ZhangShishu,1926).AmericanSlangresearchisindispensableifwewanttoknowmoreaboutAmericanvocabularyandculture.
Therearemoreandmorelinguistsandscholarsstartingtostudyslangbothathomeandabroad.Nomatterwhereweare,wecanhearlocalslangcarryingspecificculture.AmericanslangisasignificantpartofEnglishslang,thusscholarsandlinguistsbothinthewestandinChinapaygreatattentiontoit.ItisknownthatonformaloccasionStandardEnglishistheonlysuitableform.However,whenwithoutrestriction,peoplealwaysprefertousethevividandexpressiveslangratherthanStandardEnglish.
Sinceslangissocloselyrelatedtopeople’sdailylife,manyscholarshavealreadystudiedslangintheirresearchbothinAmericanandBritain,suchasPatridgeandBrook,theymadeafurtherstudyontheprocessofsocializationandtheuseofslang.
Apartfromforeignscholars,manyChinesescholarshavealsoanalyzedslangfromdifferentangles,suchasitsfeatures,functionsandformationsetc.Buttheyseldomstudyslangfromsubcultureperspective.Actually,slang,especiallyAmericanslang,hasagreatdealtodowithsubculture.MostofAmericanslangcomesfromAmericansubculturegroups,sostudyingAmericanslangfromsubculturepointofviewcanhelpusbetterunderstandtheglamorousandpanoramaofAmericansocietyanditsculture.
Itisadmittedthatlanguageandculturehavecloserelationship.Thestudyofculture,especiallysubculture,isofgreatimportanceinthestudyingofslang,whichisalanguagevariety.
However,thehistoryofstudyingsubcultureisshort.Aroundtheworld,thestudyofsubculturehasbegunsincetheSecondWorldWar,uptonow,somescholarshavemadegreatcontributiontosubculture.”
Lee,Gordonhavestudiedsubculturethroughtheirstudies.CCCS,thatistheBirminghamCenterforContemporaryCulturalStudiesalsocontributedtothestudyofsubculture.ChrisJenks,inhisbookSubculture,mainlytalkedaboutsubcultureintermsofitsdefinitionandoriginsetc.KenGelderandSarahThomtonalsoexploredthetheoryofsubcultureintheircollaborationTheSubcultureReaderin1997.(WangBin,2008)
Inaddition,manyChinesescholarsarealsointerestedinsubculture,whichisfurtherdiscussedintheirdissertationandworks,suchasDingLantianandMaoDonghui.
Anysocietyandcountryhasadominantcultureandsubculture.InAmerica,AmericanslangisregardedasaspecialEnglishvarietyspokenbysubculturegroupssuchascriminals,theblacks,drugaddicts,gamblersandetc.Inotherwords,Americanslangcomesfromsub-culturalgroups.
Languageisavehicleforhumancommunication.Slang,asalanguagevariety,isvitalifwewanttolearnalanguagewell.Languagereflectsculture.Beingapartoflanguage,AmericanslangmirrorsAmericanculture.Americanslang,oncescornedbypeople,nowhasappearedinallthemajornewspapers,magazinesandTVwhichmakesitdifficultfornon-nativespeakerstounderstandiftheydonotknowtherealmeaningoftheslang.Therefore,itisabsolutelynecessarytoanalyzeandstudythefeaturesofAmericanslangandthesubculturegroupswhichmainlyusetheAmericanslangtohaveabetterunderstandingofAmericanslang.
ThispaperintendstoanalyzefeaturesofAmericanslangthroughstudyingsubculturegroups.Eachsubculturegrouphasitsownslangandslangusedbydifferentgroupshasitsowncharacteristics.Byanalyzingfeaturesofslangusedbyeachsubculturegroup,wewouldfindoutthattheysharesomecommonfeatureswhichhelpustolearnaboutfeaturesofAmericanslang.
ThenewideaofthispaperliesinthecombinationsoffeaturesofAmericanslangandsubculturegroups.Americanslangoriginatesfromsubculturegroups,soAmericanslangmustbecharacterizedbysubculturegroups.AfteranalyzingfeaturesofAmericanslangusedbyeachsubculturegroup,thepapertriestofigureoutfeaturesofAmericanslang.Besides,althoughmanylinguistsandscholarshavemaderesearchinthefieldofAmericanslangandsubculture,itisnotcommonforthemtostudyAmericanslangfromsub-culturalpointofview.
Chapter2AmericanSlangandAmericanSubculture
Language,usedasthebasicvehicletotransmitbeliefs,valuesandnorm,isasignificantandspecialpartofcultureandaffectedbyculture.AsavarietyofEnglish,AmericanslangdeeplymirrorsAmericanculture.SinceAmericanslangoriginatesfromsubculturegroups,itisnecessarytotakealookattherelationshipbetweenAmericanslanganditssub-culturalgroups.
2.1AmericanSlangasanInsightintoAmericanCulture
Noonewoulddenythefactthatlanguageandculturehaveacloserelationship.Sapirbelievesthecloserelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture,maintainingthattheyareinextricablyrelatedsothatyoucouldnotunderstandorappreciatetheonewithouttheknowledgeoftheother.
Languageandcultureareinadialecticalrelationship:
languageisanintegralpartofcultureandinfluencedbyculture.Itistheprimaryvehiclebywhichaculturetransmitsitsbeliefs,valuesandnorm.Yet,languageisnotapassivereflectorofculture.Evenassumingthatcultureisinmanycasesthefirstcauseinthelanguage-culturerelationship,languageastheeffectinthefirstlinkofthecasualchainwillinturnbethecauseinthenextlink,reinforcingandpreservingbeliefsandcustomsandconditioningtheirfuturecourse.(HuZhuanglin,1992:
250)
Asoneofthelanguagevarieties,slangalsoreflectsculture.Thecultureshapesourbehaviorpatterns,andourbehaviorismediatedthroughlanguage.Ourbehaviorisgreatlyinfluencedbyculture,asStuartBergFlexner(1987)claimed,“WhethertheUnitedStateshasmoreslangwordsthananyothercountry(inproportiontonumberofpeople,area,orthenumberofwordsinthestandardvocabulary).Americans,however,dousetheirgeneralslangmorethananyotherpeople”.ThenwhydoAmericansusemoreslangitemsthanpeopleinothercountries?
WilhelmVonHumboldtbelievesthatlanguageistheexternalexhibitofone’sinnerworld.There’snothingintheworldmoresimilarthanlanguageandculture.Tosomeextent,AmericanslangshowsculturalcharacteristicsofAmericansocietyandAmericans’nationalcharacter.
Americansareoptimisticpeoplethatwecanalsofindfromtheirlanguage.AsthebookAmericanSocietyandAmericanCulturecomments“thatnootherplacehasmorenaturalresourcesthanAmerica,andeverypersonherecanbecomerichifheisenterprisingandlucky.Theircountryandexperiencetellthemtokeepoptimistic,andAmericansareextremeoptimist(translatedbytheauthor)”(王锦瑭,1996:
3).AmericanslangfullyreflectsAmericancultureandtheirnationalcharacter.Itisknownthatlanguageisasymbolofsociety,beingapartoflanguagevarieties,slangmirrorssomeaspects
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