开头段联系.docx
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开头段联系.docx
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开头段联系
大作文课件
-----课件1
一.目前对写作的要求:
本科:
5.5—6.0硕士:
6.0---6.5艺术:
5.0---5.5注:
5分:
勉强合格6分:
熟练使用者7分:
专家
二.考官如何给作文判分?
a.TA/TR:
tasksachievementortaskresponse:
b.CC:
coherenceandcohesion:
c.LR:
lexicalresources:
d.GRA:
grammaticalrangeandaccuracy:
如何确保以上4项得分?
a.TA:
Cleartrendisidentified写出明显趋势
Informationisgroupedwell信息合理归类
Cleartrendissupportedwithproperlyselectedfigures适当的数据支持明显趋势
TR:
Answerallthequestions回答全部问题
Clearposition立场明确
Fullydeveloped充分展开
b.CC:
Properlyusingthelinkersinahardly-feltway合理,自然使用连接词
Progressionofideas观点有序,层层推进
Paragraphing分段合理(分情感分段和逻辑分段,1段1个主题)
Wherethereisapoint,theremustbeexplanation只要有观点,就必须有解释或例子
注:
英语的思考方式:
观点+解释
中文的思考方式:
解释+观点
3个注意事项:
1.先给出观点
2.有观点就必须有解释
3.紧扣观点----坚持1段1个观点原则
Advertisingisofsomenegativeeffects.Firstofall,itmayharmtheconsumer’sinterestandsafety.Outoftheirgreedformoney,advertisersoftenofferexaggeratedandmisleadinginformationaboutthequalitiesandfunctionsoftheadvertisedproducts,whichwillcausethebuyerstosufferlossesinpropertyorevenlives.Besides,advertisingincreasestheburdenonthebuyers.Needlesstosay,thecostofadvertisingwillcertainlybecalculatedinthepriceoftheproducts,whichmeansthebuyershavetopaynotonlyforthegoodsbutalsofortheads.Lastbutnotleast,thisindustryisnotenvironmentallyfriendly.Themakingofadvertisementsconsumeshugeamountsofenergyandresourceswithoutgeneratinganymeaningfulproductsexceptanoverwhelmingamountofrubbish,asitdoesinthecaseofusedpostersandfliers.
c.LR:
适量使用动词小短语,副词等,注意同义词替换,用词多样化,拼写错误较少,用词精准,正式
如:
juveniledelinquency,teenagercrime,adolescentoffense
Overworkingwillresultinaseriesofstress-relatedillnessessuchasinsomnia,depression,indigestion,andsoon.
用词正式需做到:
1.避免口语用词:
veryuseful,extremelyuseful,
alotof,agreatnumberof,agreatdealof
moreandmorepeople,agrowingnumberofpeople
moreandmoredifficult,increasinglydifficult
2.避免缩写:
Idon’tagree,Idonotagree
I’llgivemy....,Iwillgivemyreasons...
Can’t,cannot,cannot
What’smore,whatismore
3.名词优先原则:
Ibelievethat...,Iholdthebeliefthat.....
Parentingisveryimportant,Parentingisofgreatimportance.
4.第3人称优先原则,非人称或无人称原则
Ifwesmokeforalongperiodoftime,yourlikelihoodofgettingseriouslyillwillbeextremelyhigh.
Ifpeoplesmokeforalongperiodoftime,theirlikelihoodofgettingseriouslyillwillbeextremelyhigh.
Ifyoudophysicalexercises,wewillkeepgoodhealth.
d.GRA:
适量准确使用从句,分词,独立主格,倒装句,虚拟语气等
例子:
Topicsofeducationcanalwaysarousepeople’sattention.
Topicsofeducationneverfailtoarousepeople’sattention.
Topicsofeducation,oneofthedecisivefactorsinlife,neverfailtoarousepeople’sattention.
Neverdotopicsofeducation,oneofthedecisivefactorsinlife,failtoarousepeople’sattention.
三.什么难住了考生?
a.用中文都不知道写什么。
原因有:
Unfamiliartopic不熟悉的话题,导致头脑中noidea没有观点
Failtounderstandthetopic没能理解主题,导致off-topic跑题
Irrelevantanswer不相关或不合适答案,导致abouttopic和考题沾边
Illogicalanswer不合逻辑的回答
Vocabulary词汇匮乏,导致表达单一,用词不准确
Grammar语法基础差,导致语法错误多,中式写法
Structureandskill缺乏必要的写作技巧,导致结构混乱,不能合理展开段落
如何解决?
a.看新闻,拓宽思路和知识面
b.BBC,经济学人
c.看历年真题和答案,补充思路
d.每年44-46次考试,10年460道题,每年全新的题目占10—15%,100道全新的题,2个月不会重复考同样的题,C9中4个旧题
e.每个话题至少练习2—5篇
f.背常用单词和短语,并学着应用
g.巩固语法,练习各种句式的写法
h.熟记课堂教授的各种作文的写作结构,并强化练习
四.雅思写作9大话题:
(每个话题考前至少练2—5篇)
教育/科技/媒体/全球化/社会文化及生活方式/政府/犯罪/弱势群体/环境
五.大作文分类:
1.辩论类题型argumentation:
70%
双方观点Somepeoplebelievethat…whileothersholdthat…Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion./Whichonedoyouagree?
利弊分析Nowadays,moreandmore…Dotheadvantagesoutweighthedisadvantages?
/Isitapositiveoranegativedevelopment?
一方观点Somepeoplebelievethat…Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?
2.报告类题型report/discuss:
30%
原因加解决策略;
影响加解决策略;
原因加影响;
3.综合类:
辩论+报告,C8-T3-P79
根据历年真题统计报告类题型通常占比30%左右;其余均为辩论类题型;
六.辩论类段落模式:
1.4段平衡式(4段两边倒或转折式)(适合双方观点,利弊分析,一方观点)
开头段:
背景,点题,表态
主体段1:
提出对方观点,“毫无疑问,Indeed,…….”
主体段2:
提出我方观点或反驳对方观点,“However,……”
结论段:
直接回答问题,复述要点,提出建议
2.4段一边倒(不适合讨论双方观点类,适合利弊分析,一方观点)
开头段:
背景,点题,表态
主体段1:
介绍我方观点:
2---4条
主体段2:
利用让步或转折段提出并反驳对方观点
结论段:
回答问题,复述要点提出建议
3.5段一边倒(不适合讨论双方观点类题目,适合利弊分析,一方观点)
开头段:
背景,点题,表态
主体段1:
提出理由1
主体段2:
提出理由2
主体段3:
提出理由3或让步转折反驳对方理由
结论段
大作文辩论类-----双方观点类开头段
开头段(3--4句话):
背景,点题,表态
一.如何写背景句:
用1句话提出本题的关键词或题目所属类别。
常用句式:
1.Topicsof……neverfailtoarousepeople’sattention.
教育的话题从来引发人们关注.学生做付费工作的话题从来引发人们关注。
关于政府作用的话题从来引发人们关注。
2.Therehaslong/recentlybeenheateddebate/discussionabout……
关于是否把老人送进养老院长期以来人们一直有热议。
关于提高燃油价格来保护环境人们最近以来有热议。
关于科技的发展对人们生活的影响人们长期以来有热议。
3.Theissueof…..isnotanewone.
远程教育不是一个新话题。
抗击犯罪不是一个新问题。
私家车的话题不是一个新问题。
注意:
1.省略号部分可以填入题干中的关键名词或题目所属类别,常见题目类别有:
education,scienceandtechnology,environment,family,theroleofthegovernment,health,themassmedia,thelaw,publicsecurity,culture,internationaltrade,internationalrelations,theeconomicgrowth,travelling,theworldofworking,…….
2.误区:
交代背景时避免“过大,或过细”
练习:
找出下列背景句是“过大”还是“过细”
Sincethepolicyofreformandopeningtotheoutsideworld,lifeinChinahasbeenchangingrapidly.
Humansocietyisundergoingoverwhelmingchanges.
Whethertogivestudentstherighttoevaluateandevencriticizetheirteachersisahighlydebatableissue.Somepeopleholdthatstudentsshouldhavetherighttoevaluateandcriticizetheirsteacherswhileothersdonotagree.
二.如何写点题句:
用一句话说明本文要讨论的核心话题
注意事项:
1.替换题干的核心词:
Somepeoplebelievethat……替换成:
Manyindividuals
believe替换成think/consider/find/deem/assert/argue/suggest/claim/beconvinced/maintain/contend/hold/suggestthat…..
2.
a.宾语从句可替换为宾补,从句可替换为分词短语:
去掉连接词,动词+ing,being
如:
Somepeoplebelievethatprotectingwildanimalsisawasteofthegovernmentmoney.
替换成:
Manyindividualsfindprotectingwildanimalsawasteofthepublicfund/taxmoney.
b.Somepeoplebelievethat…..shoulddo…
其中的somepeopleshoulddo….可以替换为:
itisagoodidea/reasonable/fair/advisable/wiseforsbtodo
练习:
改为宾从和宾补
Somepeoplebelievethatstudentsshoulddopart-timejobs.
宾从:
宾补:
练习:
改为宾从和宾补
Somepeoplebelievethatoldpeopleshouldliveinnursinghouses.
宾从:
宾补:
3.主动可替换为被动
Somepeoplebelievethatthegovernmentshouldspendmoneyprotectingwild
animals.
替换为:
Manyindividualsholdthatthetaxmoneyshouldbespentprotectingwildanimals.
Manyindividualsfinditadvisablefortaxmoneytobespentprotectingwildanimals.
4.sbwill/woulddo可替换为Itispossible/likelyforsbtodo….
Somepeoplebelievethatcomputerswillreplacethepublicmuseums.
改为:
宾从:
宾补:
三.如何写表态句-----双方观点类
1.Asforme,thereismoretruthintheformer/latterbelief.
2.SofarasIamconcerned,thereismoretruthintheformer/latterbelief.
3.Personally,Iagreewith/supporttheformer/latter.
4.Personally,Ifindtheformer/latteropinion/idea/statement/assertionmoreconvincing.
四.开头段模板:
1.双方观点类:
考题:
Somepeoplethinkthattheonlypurposeofprisonistopunishcrime.Othersthinkithasotherfunctions.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.
模板1:
Topicsofthefunctionofprisonsneverfailtoarousepeople’sattention.
Manyindividualsfindthesolefunctionofittobepunishingcrimewhileothersconsideritabetterideaforprisontoperformotherfunctions.Personally,Iagreewiththelatter.
模板2:
Therehaslongbeenheatedpublicdebateabouttheroleofprisons.Manyindividualsholdthebeliefthatpunishinglaw-breakersisthesolethingthatthesefacilitiescandowhileothersfindimprisonmentofotherfunctions.Personally,Iaminfavorofthelatter.
模板3:
Peoplehavedifferentideasaboutprison/Theissueof...isnotanewone.Manyindividualsfindthesolefunctionofittobepunishingcrimewhileothersconsideritabetterideaforprisontoplayotherroles.Personally,Iagreewiththelatter.
练习:
双方观点类:
1.Somepeoplethinkthatthefittestandstrongestindividualsandteamsachievegreatsuccessinsports.Butothersthinkthatthesuccessismuchrelatedtothementalattitude.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.
2.Somepeoplebelievegovernmentsshouldspendmoneyonmeasurestopreventlanguagewithfewpeoplefromdyingoutcompletely.Othersthinkthisisawasteoffinancialsupport.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.
辩论类利弊分析类开头段
(可写段落模式:
4段平衡式/4段一边倒/5段一边倒)
题目问法:
.........Dotheadvantagesoutweigh/outnumberthedisadvantages?
.........Isitapositiveornegativedevelopment?
例子:
Nowadays,moreandmoreparentsaresendingtheirchildrentoboardingschools.Dotheadvantagesoutweighthedisadvantages?
开头段:
1.Nowadays:
可替换为atpresent/today/inthistimeandage
2.Moreandmorepeople/manypeoplearedoing:
可替换为
Thereisanincreasing/growingtendencyfor....todo.....
范文:
Atpresent,boardingschoolsaregainingprevalenceatanamazingrate.Thereisagrowingtendencyforchildrentobesenttothiskindofschools.AsfarasIamconcerned,thispracticebringsmoregoodthanbad.
第1句话:
模板1:
Topicsof....neverfailtoarousepeople’sattention.
模板2:
Atpresent,.......are/isgainingprevalenceatanamazingrate.
1.目前,寄宿学校正在以惊人的速度变得普遍.
2.目前,海外留学正在以惊人的速度变得普遍.
模板3:
Nowadays,therampancy/prevalence/widespreadof.....drawswidepublicconcern.
1.目前,犯罪的猖獗引发了广泛的公众关注.
2.目前,互联网的普及引发了广泛的公众关注.
模板4:
......are/isplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinlife.
1.目前,新科技在生活中发挥日益重要的作用.
2.目前,时尚在我们的生活中发挥日益正要的作用.
第2句话:
模板:
Thereisagrowing/anincreasingtendencyfor....todo.....
1.有一个不断增加的趋势孩子们被送往寄宿学校.
2.有一个不断增加的趋势即人们扔掉和升级那些过时的产品.
3.有一个不断增加的趋势即政府敦促工厂和公司从市区搬出去.
第3句话:
模板:
1.Asforme,thisdevelopment/phenomenon/situationisofmorebenefitsthandrawbacks.
2.Personally,Ifindthismoreofapositivedevelopmentthananegativeone.
3.SofarIamconcerned,thisdevelopmentbringsmoreadvantagesthandisad
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