GMATARGUMENT题库.docx
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GMATARGUMENT题库.docx
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GMATARGUMENT题库
题目要求:
Discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.Inyourdiscussionbesuretoanalyzethelineofreasoningandtheuseofevidenceintheargument.Forexample,youmayneedtoconsiderwhatquestionableassumptionsunderliethethinkingandwhatalternativeexplanationsorcounterexamplesmightweakentheconclusion.Youcanalsodiscusswhatsortofevidencewouldstrengthenorrefutetheargument,whatchangesintheargumentwouldmakeitmorelogicallysound,andwhat,ifanything,wouldhelpyoubetterevaluateitsconclusion.
正式题库:
1.ThefollowingappearedaspartofanannualreportsenttostockholdersbyOlympicFoods,aprocessoroffrozenfoods.
“Overtime,thecostsofprocessinggodownbecauseasorganizationslearnhowtodothingsbetter,theybecomemoreefficient.Incolorfilmprocessing,forexample,thecostofa3-by-5-inchprintfellfrom50centsforfive-dayservicein1970to20centsforone-dayservicein1984.Thesameprincipleappliestotheprocessingoffood.AndsinceOlympicFoodswillsooncelebrateitstwenty-fifthbirthday,wecanexpectthatourlongexperiencewillenableustominimizecostsandthusmaximizeprofits.”
●Gratuitousassumption:
theconclusionoftheargumentisbasedonagratuitousassumptionthatthecompanycanminimizecostsandmaximizeprofitsbecausethecompanyhasbeeninoperationfor25years.TheauthorfailstociteanyevidencetosupportthatlongexperienceofOlympicFoodswillguaranteeminimalcostsandmaximum(adj.)profits.
●Falseanalogy:
thefoodprocessinginidustryisnotanalogoustothecolorfilmprocessingindustry.Differencebetweenthetwoindustriesclearlyoutweighthesimilarities,thusmakingtheanalogyhighlyinvalid(无效的).
●Causaloversimplification:
otherfactorsthatmaycontributetothereducedcostofcolorfilmstreamliningprocessingshouldbeconsideredandruledout.
2.ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromthebusinessdepartmentoftheApogeeCompany.
“WhentheApogeeCompanyhadallitsoperationsinonelocation,itwasmoreprofitablethanitistoday.Therefore,theApogeeCompanyshouldclosedownitsfieldofficesandconductallitsoperationsfromasinglelocation.Suchcentralizationwouldimproveprofitabilitybycuttingcostsandhelpingthecompanymaintainbettersupervisionofallemployees.”
●Gratuitousassumption:
theauthorassumesthatcentralizationwouldimproveprofitabilitybycuttingcostsandstreamlining(精简)supervisionofemployees.Thisassumptionisnotsupportedbyanydataorprojections(例子).
●Causaloversimplification:
theauthorunfairlyassumesthatcentralizationwastheonlyfactorthatledtoApogee'sgreaterpastprofitability.Furthermore,itisalsoimprudenttoconcludethattheestablishmentofthefieldofficesistheonlyreasonforthedecliningprofits.
●oversimplification:
evenifApogeesucceededinthepastbycentralization,thisstrategywouldnotnecessarilyguaranteeasimilarsuccesstoday.
3.Thefollowingappearedinamemorandumissuedbyalargecity’scouncilonthearts.
“Inarecentcitywidepoll,fifteenpercentmoreresidentssaidthattheywatchtelevisionprogramsaboutthevisualartsthanwasthecaseinapollconductedfiveyearsago.Duringthesepastfiveyears,thenumberofpeoplevisitingourcity’sartmuseumshasincreasedbyasimilarpercentage.Sincethecorporatefundingthatsupportspublictelevision,wheremostofthevisualartsprogramsappear,isnowbeingthreatenedwithseverecuts,wecanexpectthatattendanceatourcity’sartmuseumswillalsostarttodecrease.Thussomeofthecity’sfundsforsupportingtheartsshouldbereallocatedtopublictelevision.”
●Causaloversimplification:
itisgroundlesstosaythatincreasedexposuretothevisualartsontelevisionhascausedasimilarincreaseinlocalartmuseumsattendanceonlybecausethelatteroccurredconcurrentlywiththeformer.Withoutanyknowledgeoftheexactnumberofartstelevisionprogramviewersandartmuseumpatrons,itisdifficulttoevaluatetherelevanceofarttelevisionprograms.Furthermore,perhapsthereareotherfactorsrelevanttotheincreasedtheinterestinthelocalartmuseums.
●Gratuitousassumptionone:
theauthor'sargumentisbasedonagratuitousassumptionthatthefundingwhichsupportspublictelevisionshouldnotbereducedbecausetheattendanceoftheartmuseumswilldecrease.
●Gratuitousassumptiontwo:
theauthor'sargumentisbasedonanothergratuitousassumptionthatseverecutsincorporatefundingwhichsupportspublictelevisionwillleadtothereductionofthevisualartsprograms.
4.Thefollowingappearedinareportpresentedfordiscussionatameetingofthedirectorsofacompanythatmanufacturespartsforheavymachinery.
“Thefallingrevenuesthatthecompanyisexperiencingcoincidewithdelaysinmanufacturing.Thesedelays,inturn,aredueinlargeparttopoorplanninginpurchasingmetals.Considerfurtherthatthemanagerofthedepartmentthathandlespurchasingofrawmaterialshasanexcellentbackgroundingeneralbusiness,psychology,andsociology,butknowslittleaboutthepropertiesofmetals.Thecompanyshould,therefore,movethepurchasingmanagertothesalesdepartmentandbringinascientistfromtheresearchdivisiontobemanagerofthepurchasingdepartment.”
●Causaloversimplification:
thereportfailstoestablishacausalconnectionbetweenthefallingrevenuesofthecompanyanddelaysinmanufacturing.Themerefactthatfallingrevenuescoincidewiththedelaysinmanufacturingisinsufficienttoconcludethatthedelaycausedthedeclineinrevenue.
●Gratuitousassumption:
noevidenceisstatedinthereporttosupportthatknowledgeofthepropertiesofmetalsisnecessaryandsufficientfortheplanningmetalpurchasing.
5.ThefollowingappearedinanannouncementissuedbythepublisherofTheMercury,aweeklynewspaper.
“Sinceacompetinglower-pricednewspaper,TheBugle,wasstartedfiveyearsago,TheMercury’scirculationhasdeclinedby10,000readers.ThebestwaytogetmorepeopletoreadTheMercuryistoreduceitspricebelowthatofTheBugle,atleastuntilcirculationincreasestoformerlevels.TheincreasedcirculationofTheMercurywillattractmorebusinessestobuyadvertisingspaceinthepaper.”
●Gratuitousassumption:
thepublisherassumesthatpriceistheonlyfactorthatcausedthedeclineinreadership.Butnoevidenceisgiventosupportthisclaim.Infact,therearemanyotherfactorsthatmightaccountforadeclineintheMercury'spopularity.
●Oversimplifiedassumption:
itisnotobviousthatlowingthesubscriptionpriceisthemosteffectivewaytogainnewreaders.Furthermore,highercirculationshouldnotbetheultimategoalofthenewspaper.
6.Thefollowingappearedaspartofanarticleinamagazinedevotedtoregionallife.
“CorporationsshouldlooktothecityofHelioswhenseekingnewbusinessopportunitiesoranewlocation.Evenintherecentrecession,Helios’sunemploymentratewaslowerthantheregionalaverage.Itistheindustrialcenteroftheregion,andhistoricallyithasprovidedmorethanitsshareoftheregion’smanufacturingjobs.Inaddition,Heliosisattemptingtoexpanditseconomicbasebyattractingcompaniesthatfocusonresearchanddevelopmentofinnovativetechnologies.”
●Inthefirstplace,itisquestionablewhethertheavailablelaborpoolinHelioscouldsupportalltypesofcorporations.GiventhatHelioshasattractedmainlyindustrialandmanufacturingcompaniesinthepast,itisunlikelythatthelocalpoolofprospectiveemployeeswouldbesuitableforcorporationsofothertype.
●Inthenextplace,thesizeoftheavailableworkforcemaynotbeabletomeettheneedoftheprospectivecorporations.BecausetheunemploymentrateislowerthanaverageinHelios,corporationsthatrequirelargenumberofworkerswouldnotfindHeliosattractive.
7.Thefollowingappearedinthehealthsectionofamagazineontrendsandlifestyles.
“Peoplewhousetheartificialsweeteneraspartamearebetteroffconsumingsugar,sinceaspartamecanactuallycontributetoweightgainratherthanweightloss.Forexample,highlevelsofaspartamehavebeenshowntotriggeracravingforfoodbydepletingthebrainofachemicalthatregisterssatiety,orthesenseofbeingfull.Furthermore,studiessuggestthatsugars,ifconsumedafteratleast45minutesofcontinuousexercise,actuallyenhancethebody’sabilitytoburnfat.Consequently,thosewhodrinkaspartame-sweetenedjuicesafterexercisewillalsolosethiscalorie-burningbenefit.Thusitappearsthatpeopleconsumingaspartameratherthansugarareunlikelytoachievetheirdietarygoals.”
●Tobeginwith,theauthor'sconclusionisbasedonanunfairassumptionthatallaspartameusersconsumehighlevelsoftheartificialsweetener.
●Anotherproblemwiththeauthor'sgeneralizationisthatnotalldietersusesugarafterlongperiodsofexercise.
8.Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofacorporatenewsletter.
“Thecommonnotionthatworkersaregenerallyapatheticaboutmanagementissuesisfalse,oratleastoutdated:
arecentlypublishedsurveyindicatesthat79percentofthenearly1,200workerswhorespondedtosurveyquestionnairesexpressedahighlevelofinterestinthetopicsofcorporaterestructuringandredesignofbenefitsprograms.”
●Insufficientsampleone:
thestatisticscitedintheeditorialmaybemisleadingbecausethetotalnumberofworkersemployedbythecorporationisnotspecified.
●Insufficientsampletwo:
therespondents'viewsarenotnecessarilyrepresentativeoftheviewsoftheworkforceingeneral.Itmakessensethatonlylessapatheticworkerswouldrespondtoit.
●Hastygeneralization:
workersmaybeinterest
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