Urbanization patterns and their impacts on social restructuring of urban space in Chilean mid.docx
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Urbanization patterns and their impacts on social restructuring of urban space in Chilean mid.docx
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UrbanizationpatternsandtheirimpactsonsocialrestructuringofurbanspaceinChileanmid
UrbanizationpatternsandtheirimpactsonsocialrestructuringofurbanspaceinChileanmid-cities:
ThecaseofLosAngeles,CentralChile
GerardoAzócara,
HugoRomerob,
RodrigoSanhuezaa,
ClaudiaVegaa,
MauricioAguayoa,
andMariaDoloresMuñoza,
aUnitofTerritorialPlanning,EULA-ChileEnvironmentalCenter,UniversityofConcepcion,BarrioUniversitarios/n,Concepción,Chile
bSchoolofGeography,UniversityofChile,Marcoleta250,Santiago,Chile
Received18November2003;
revised18April2005;
accepted21April2005.
Availableonline19October2005.
Abstract
UrbangrowthpatternsofChileanmid-citiesareexplored,analyzinglanduse/landcoverchangesbetween1955–1978and1978–1998inLosAngeles,amid-citylocatedincentralChile.Urbansprawlisanalyzedwithrespecttopopulationgrowthandpossibleeffectsonthecity'ssocio-spatialstructure.Markov'smatrixwasusedtoanalyzesequencesoflanduse/landcoverchanges,whereasregressionanalysiswasusedtostudytherelationshipbetweencityandpopulationgrowth.ThestudyisbasedonremotelysenseddataandprocessedinaGISenvironmentusingArcview3.2,IDRISI,andArc-InfoN.T.
Keywords:
Urbanlanduse;Socio-spatialrestructuring;Chileanmid-cities
ArticleOutline
Introduction
Studyarea
Dataandmethodology
Results
Thelandusechangefrom1955through1978
Thelandusechangefrom1978through1998
Urbangrowthpatterns
Thedemographicfactor
Thesocialrestructuringofurbanspace
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Introduction
Anintense,permanentrestructuringprocessofChileanmid-cityterritories,operatingsince1975,hasgreatlyaffectedbothmetropolitanandmid-cityareas.Thesechangeswereguidedbythehigh-priorityinfluenceofprivatecapitalandthesearchforcomparativeandcompetitiveadvantages.Furthermore,thereducedStatehasresultedinabandonedeconomicactivitiesandfinancialinterventionssuchassubsidiesandothertributaryeasements,whichoncepromotedacertainterritorialbalancebetweenthecountry'sregionsandcities(RomeroandToledo,1998a).
Chile'slargestdestructionandrestructuringefforttookplaceinregionalterritoriesfrom1975through1983,whentheStatereduceditsparticipationasaregulatingagentofeconomicactivitiesandgaveprivateentitiestheleadingrole.Chilesawrapid,sustainedeconomicgrowth(5–7%peryear)between1983and1998associalconditionsimprovedanddemocraticinstitutionswererestored.Since1998,thedevelopmentpatternhasshownweaknesses,witheconomicgrowthratesdecreasingamidconsecutivecrisesoftheglobalmarkets.
Withinthecontextofglobalcompetitiveness,Chileancitieshavespecializedintheexportofrawmaterialsandnaturalresources,whichrequiresefficientexploitationofinputs,goods,andservicesandtheavailabilityofinformationinmid-cities.MiningandfishinginthearidNorth;agriculture,forestry,industries,andservicesinthecentralregionsandmetropolises;andfishing,forestry,andcattleranchingintemperatesouthernChileandPatagoniaareevidenceoftheampleeconomicaldevelopmentprocess,andthespatialconcentrationoffinancial,human,andtechnologicalresources.WithinthedynamicsofChile'sexport-orientedmodel,mid-citieshaveactedasnodesinanetworkstructure.Thesenodeshaveprogressivelytransformedintoregionaldistributionandconsumptioncenterswithcomplexbanking,financial,commercial,healthcare,andeducationalinstitutions(Azócaretal.,2003;RomeroandToledo,1998b).
CitiesinChile(Boisier,2001)havetakenonnewfunctionsandoperateascentrallocationsfromwhichtheregionalorterritorialeconomyisorganized.Thus,citieshavebecomekeylocationsforspecializedservices(e.g.financialactivities,advancedproductionservices)aswellasinnovation-generatingnodes.Thesenewfunctionsandthemanagementofgeographicaldispersion,tasksalreadyoperatinginsomecities,requireawiderangeofspecializedservices,telecommunicationinfrastructure,andsupportservicesforindustry,residents,andtheiractivities(Sassen,1998).
WeareinthepresenceofanewmodelofurbangrowthinChile,whichfromaspatialpointofview,isbothdispersedandgloballyintegrated.Inthiscontextandinordertosuccessfullyunitenewregionalconditionsandcities,theterritorialunitsmustreconvertorchange.Cities,then,shouldaltertheirroles,increasingtheirowncomplexity,asaconditionofastructuralchangetriggeredbyglobalization(Boisier,2001).InChile,thenewurbanizationprocesseshaveincreasedthebreachesorsocio-economicinequalitiesincitiesand,atalocallevel,havecreatedinvisibleandvisiblewallsinsocialinteractionsamonggroups(Sabatini,1998;RomeroandToledo,1998a;Borsdorf,2000;Rovira,2000;Toledoetal.,2000;Azócaretal.,2003).Urbansprawlhasnotonlymeantchangesinurbanfunctionsandmorphology,buthasalsoresultedinsignificantruralreconfiguration.Eventhesocialrepresentationofthecountrysideisdifferent,especiallybecauseruralareasarenowperceivedintermsoftheirlandscapesandnotonlyintermsoftheirproductivity,asinthecaseofagriculturallands(Antrop,2000).
Theglobalextensionofthemarketeconomy,foreigncommerce,services,andfinancesandthemobilityofthepopulationhavebeenthedrivingforcesbehindurbanizationprocessesinmanydevelopingregionsoftheplanet,includingChile.Oneoftheirsocio-spatialdisplayshasbeenincreasedfragmentationanduniformityoflandscapesandcities.Therates,scales,andcausesofurbanchangehavehadlargeimpactsoncitiesandhavegeneratedstrongpolarizationandsegregationprocesses(Barber,2000;Borsdorf,2000;Toledoetal.,2000,Rovira,2000;DeMattos,2002;Borsdorf,2003).Citieshavebecomemorevulnerableandglobalizationhasreducedtheirsecurityandindependence(Troy,2002).
Patternsoflandusechangeshavecausedavarietyofeffects,includingsocialimpacts,suchasincreasedcostsofprovidingpublicservices,thelossofopenspaces,andincreasedtrafficcongestion(BellandIrwin,2002).Somestudiesshowthatthecostsofsupplyingpublicservicesareafunctionofdevelopmentpatternsandtherateatwhichlandusechangeoccurs(Ladd,1992).Environmentalimpactsfromlanduse/landcoverchangesonecosystemsarefrequentandrangefromthelossofhighlyproductiveagriculturalland,habitatfragmentation,andlossofwildlifetoalterednaturaldrainagesystemsandthedeteriorationofwaterqualityduetoincreasedsuperficialwaterways.Additionally,increasedurbanpopulationsandcityexpansioncausenewurbanproblemsthat,ingeneral,reducethequalityoflifeforimportantsectorsofthepeople(Sabatini,1998;Marsh,1991).
AnimportantfactorofurbansprawlinChilehasbeenthegeneration,withinandaroundcities,ofresidential,commercial,facilities,andservicespacesspecificallydestinedforexclusivesocialgroups,whichareevermorespatiallysegregated(Hidalgoetal.,2003).Unfortunately,thegrowthandmodernizationofcitiesistimeandagainmoredependentonthepresenceofahigh-incomeelite,whichdoesnotsurpass10%ofthepopulationinthebestofcasesandvariessignificantlyfromonecitytoanother(RomeroandToledo,1998a).
AlthoughmoreglobalfactorsexisttoexplainthemostrecentevolutioninChileanmid-cities,giventhecontextofgrowingeconomicglobalizationandlandscapehomogenization,localandregionalfactors(distinctfeaturesorparticularities)benefitsomecitiesbyguidingtheirgrowthandgeneratingidentityandownership.Localfactorsincludethepopulation'ssocio-economicsituation,includingdemographicprocesses,socialstatus,ethnicownership,educationallevelandincome,housingstock,andlandusepolicies;specialattentionispaidtourbanarearegulations.Regionalfactorsaremorerelatedtothegeographicalpositionofurbancenterswithrespecttoworkmarkets,transportinfrastructure,andservices(ChicagoCaseStudyWorkingGroup,2001).
EachChileanmid-citypresentsuniqueproblemsduetoitsspatiallocationandtopologicrelationships(e.g.withrespecttothewatershedenvironmentordistancetothesea,mountains,orlakes).Insocialterms,allChileanmid-citiespresentasocialbipolaritybetweenthegatedvillagesoftheupperclassesandthehousingneighborhoodsofthelowerclasses,ascanclearlybeseenintheChileanmid-city,Valdivia(Borsdorf,2000).InanotherChileanmid-city,Temuco,thelowerclassesaremainlylocatedinanearbycity(PadreLasCasas)(Toledoetal.,2000),whereastheupperclassesinthemid-cityPuertoMonttweretheonestomigratetowardsneighboringsegregatedcities(e.g.Frutillar,PuertoVaras).Sharpsocialboundariescanbefoundbetweenthelower-classpeopleoccupyingstreamfloodplains(e.g.PuertoMontt,Valdivia)andricherpeoplelivingontherelativesafetyofthethalwegs.InTemuco,onestreetsharplydividestheupperfromthelowerclass,actingasatruesocialbarrier.TheimportantconcentrationofindigenousMapuchecommunitieshereaddsanethniccomponenttothetraditionalsocialsegregation(Toledoetal.,2000).
ThecomplexityoflandusechangeprocessesisanessentialcharacteristicofurbantransformationsinChileanmid-cities,posingmanyquestionsastothefactorsanddetailsthatareguidingtheaforesaidtransformations.TheuseofGISandspatial-analysistoolscancontributetoabetterunderstandingofthesefactorsthatpromotelandusechangepatterns(KlineandAlig,1999;Bockstael,1996).Thistypeofanalysisallowsthepredictionoftheore
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